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T1 - Phase 1 - Integrated (II) > Pulm/Renal - Histology - Pulmonary System > Flashcards

Pulm/Renal - Histology - Pulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

Of what main type of epithelium is the respiratory tract composed?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells

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2
Q

How many types of cell touch the basement membrane in the respiratory tract?

A

5

  • (ciliated columnar cells,*
  • goblet cells,*
  • brush cells,*
  • small granule cells,*
  • basal cells)*
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3
Q

What is the most prevalent cell in the respiratory tract epithelium?

What are the other four types of cell found here?

A

Pseudostratified columnar cells;

goblet cells,

basal cells,

small granule cells,

brush cells

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4
Q

Goblet cells are full of ________

that mixes with ________

to form _________.

A

Mucin,

water,

mucus

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5
Q

What type of cell produces the mucus of the respiratory tract?

A

Goblet cells

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6
Q

You notice prominent goblet cells on a micrograph.

What organ systems could this be?

A

Respiratory tract;

GI tract

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7
Q

This micrograph shows respiratory tract epithelia.

What is the most abundant cell type?

What cell type is indicated by the arrows?

A

Pseudostratified columnar cells;

goblet cells

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8
Q

Describe the brush cells of the respiratory tract.

A

Chemoreceptor columnar cells with microvilli (non-ciliated)

–> interact with afferent nerves on the basal side

(cells indicated by small arrows)

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9
Q

What type of respiratory tract cell is here described:

chemoreceptors and microvilli cover the apical cell, and the cell interacts with afferent nerves on its basal side

A

Brush cells

(cells with microvilli in image)

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10
Q

What are the neuroendocrine cells of the respiratory tract?

A

Small granule cells

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11
Q

What are small granule cells (of the respiratory tract)?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

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12
Q

Which cells of the respiratory tract are small, round progenitor cells found close to the basement membrane?

A

Basal cells

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13
Q

What is the role of respiratory tract basal cells?

A

To serve as progenitor cells and support cells

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14
Q

Identify some basal cells in this micrograph of the respiratory tract.

A
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15
Q

What differentiates the olfactory epithelium of the nasal passage from the rest of the respiratory tract?

A
  • Microvilli on supporting columnar cells
  • No goblet cells (Bowman glands instead)
  • Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons)
  • Nerve bundles
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16
Q

What type of cell is an olfactory cell?

Where are they found?

A

A bipolar neuron;

the olfactory epithelium of the nasal passages

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17
Q

What type of secretory cell is found in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Bowman glands

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18
Q

Which are the visceral special senses?

A

Gustation, olfaction

(chemically activated)

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19
Q

Which are the somatic special senses?

A

Visual, vestibulocochlear

(mechanically activated)

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20
Q

Olfactory neurons regenerate every ____ - ____ months.

A

2, 3

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21
Q

What is an example of a neuron type that regenerates often (every 2 - 3 months)?

A

Olfactory neurons

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22
Q

The nasal cavity is mostly lined with what type of epithelium?

A

Respiratory (ciliated columnar)

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23
Q

The superior nasal concha is:

The middle nasal concha is:

The inferior nasal concha is:

A

Part of the ethmoid bone

Part of the ethmoid bone

Its own bone

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24
Q

What effect do odorant substances have on olfactory neurons?

A

They bind transmembrane chemoreceptors / ion channels to trigger action potentials

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25
Q

What are the swell bodies of the nasal concha?

(to the immediate right of the image cursor)

A

Collections of vasculature that:

(1) regulate air temp + (2) are erectile tissue

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26
Q

What are some unique factors about the glands of the lamina propria of the nasal olfactory region?

A

The presence of nerve bundles / Bowman’s glands;

the absence of goblet cells

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27
Q

Where are Bowman’s glands located?

In what layer of tissue?

A

The olfactory region;

the lamina propria

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28
Q

What is unique about the tissue of the nasopharynx?

A

Large aggregations of lymphocytes (tonsils)

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29
Q

Define lamina propria.

A

Connective tissue and glands underlying the epithelium

(separate from the connective tissue of the submucosa)

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30
Q

Define mucosa.

A

The epithelium

+

the basement membrane

+

the lamina propria

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31
Q

True/false.

Cartilage can be found in the lamina propria.

True/false.

Glands can be found in the lamina propria.

A

True;

true

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32
Q

Where does the non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the mouth transition to the ciliated columnar epithelium of the respiratory tract?

A

The larynx

(between the epiglottis, vestibular (false) folds, and vocal (true) folds)

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33
Q

What type of epithelium does this section from the larynx demonstrate?

A

Respiratory epithelium

(Note the presence of goblet cells)

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34
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the larynx?

A

Both stratified squamous (non-keratinized) and pseudostratified columnar

(this is a transition point)

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35
Q

What type of epithelium is found on the epiglottis and true vocal cords?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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36
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium is found on which structures in particular in the larynx?

A

The epiglottis;

the true vocal folds

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37
Q

True/False.

The trachea has a very large number of sero-mucous glands in its lamina propria.

A

True.

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38
Q

What tissue layer surrounds the entire trachea?

A

The adventitia

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39
Q

The ends of the C-shaped hyaline cartilage in the trachea are connected by what?

A

Fibroelastic extensions of perichondrium

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40
Q

Which is the last segment of the respiratory tract to have highly abundant glands in its lamina propria?

A

The trachea

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41
Q

Describe the cartilage found in bronchi (as opposed to the trachea).

A

Small, irregular strips

(not C-shaped or continuous)

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42
Q

Most glands located in the bronchi are located in what tissue layer?

A

The submucosa

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43
Q

Besides size, in what two ways are bronchioles distinct from bronchi?

A

No cartilage

No glands in the submucosa

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44
Q

How does the epithelium change as bronchioles narrow?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar —>

Simple columnar —>

Simple cuboidal

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45
Q

Which cell is present in preceding respiratory segments but not terminal bronchioles?

Which cell replaces it?

A

Goblet cells,

Club cells (exocrine bronchiolar cells)

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46
Q

How far into the respiratory tract can goblet cells be found?

A

The bronchioles before the terminal bronchioles

47
Q

What is the function of Club cells?

How are they shaped?

A

Progenitor for pneumocytes (I and II), secrete surfactant components, detoxify inhaled substances;

dome-shaped

48
Q

What type of innervation will cause smooth muscle contraction in the respiratory tract?

A

Vagal innervation

49
Q

What type of innervation will cause smooth muscle relaxation in the respiratory tract?

A

Sympathetic innervation

50
Q

How does a respiratory bronchiole appear on histology?

A

Thin layer of cuboidal epithelia + club cells,

a small number of single alveoli

51
Q

What is the defining feature of respiratory bronchioles that make them respiratory?

A

The presence of a few single alveolar sacs

52
Q

The conducting portion of the respiratory tract ends with what structure?

A

Terminal bronchioles

53
Q

The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract is made of what structure(s)?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

54
Q

Where are Club (Clara) cells found?

A

Small bronchioles (terminal + respiratory)

55
Q

What is an older name for Club cells that is no longer used?

A

Clara cells

56
Q

In what segment(s) is(are) goblet cells not found in the respiratory tract?

A

The terminal bronchioles to the alveoli

57
Q

What is another name for alveolar macrophages?

A

Dust cells

58
Q

How do the alveolar and pulmonary capillary basement membranes interact?

A

They are fused

59
Q

Where are Club (Clara) cells found in the respiratory system?

A

Terminal and respiratory bronchioles

60
Q

The alveolar connective tissue is a fibroelastic interstitium. What types of fibers are found here?

A

Collagen, reticular, and elastic

61
Q

What are the three main components of alveoli?

A

Pneumocytes (I and II),

fibroelastic interstitium,

pulmonary capillaries

62
Q

What percentage of the surface area of the lung alveoli is made up of type I pneumocytes?

A

95%

63
Q

What percentage of the surface area of the lung alveoli is made up of type II pneumocytes?

A

5%

64
Q

What percentage of the cell population of the lung alveoli is made up of type II pneumocytes?

A

66%

(Note: yet only 5% of the alveolar surface area is made of type II pneumocytes)

65
Q

Describe the unique structures of type II pneumocytes seen on EM.

A

Lamellar bodies (striped organelles)

66
Q

What are the components of surfactant?

A

Phospholipids (DPPC)

+

4 surfactant proteins (SPA, SPB, SPC, SPD)

67
Q

Which is the most important surfactant phospholipid?

A

Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)

68
Q

Why is the alveolar fibroelastic interstitium important?

A

It provides the elastance / recoil of the alveoli

69
Q

What type of cell is here shown?

A

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages (heart-failure cells) in the lungs

70
Q

What tissue lines the outside of the lungs?

A

The visceral pleura

(a small layer of connective tissue + the mesothelium)

71
Q
A

Alveolar duct

Alveolus

72
Q
A

Blue = Type II pneumocytes

Black = Type I pneumocytes

Green = Capillaries

73
Q

Note: The blood in the lumen is an artifact of preparation.

A

A bronchiole

74
Q
A

A = respiratory bronchiole

B = branch of pulmonary artery

75
Q
A

A = branch of pulmonary artery

B = a bronchiole

76
Q
A

Intrapulmonary bronchi

77
Q
A

A = Hyaline cartilage

B = Chondrogenic perichondrium

C = Fibrous perichondrium

78
Q

Identify the indicated structures.

A

A = Respiratory bronchiole

B = Alveolar duct

C = Atrium

D = Alveolar sac

79
Q

Note: this is a transverse cross-section.

A

Larynx;

A = Epiglottis

B = Ventricular fold

C = Vocal fold

D = Thyroid cartilage

Arrow = Vestibule

80
Q
A

Yellow bar = olfactory epithelium

A = bone

B = filia olfactoria (olfactory cells)

Black arrows = serous glands

81
Q
A

Black bar = Visceral pleura of lung

Black arrows = Mesothelium

82
Q
A

A = Respiratory bronchiole

B = Alveolus

C = Branch of pulmonary artery

83
Q
A

Blue arrows = Type II pneumocytes

Black arrows = Type I pneumocytes

White arrows = Macrophages

84
Q
A

A = Respiratory epithelium

B = Elastic lamina

C = Submucosa

D = Adventitia

85
Q

(Part of larynx)

A

A = Ventricle

B = Vocalis muscle

Arrows = Vocalis ligament

86
Q

What are some of the purposes of the respiratory system?

A

Conduct / warm / humidify / filter the air

Facilitate gas exchange

Enable speech

87
Q

Name the four more common bronchogenic carcinomas.

A

Squamous cell;

adenocarcinoma;

large cell;

small cell

88
Q

What are two common sources of metastases found in the lungs?

A

Breast carcinomas;

renal cell carcinoma

89
Q

What are the two main categories of vascular causes of pulmonary edema?

A

Hemodynamics (heart failure, volume overload, hypoalbuminemia, etc.);

microvascular injury (infections, aspiration, trauma, transfusion reactions, drug reactions, etc.)

90
Q

What type of tissue is this?

Is it healthy or diseased?

A

Lung;

diseased (pulmonary edema)

91
Q

How does pulmonary edema appear in a micrograph?

A
  • Widened alveoli filled with frothy, pink, proteinaceous transudate
  • Capillary congestion
92
Q

Where do most pulmonary infarctions occur?

A

The lower lobes (75%)

93
Q

True/False.

Pulmonary infarcts typically occur as single infarctions.

A

False.

As many as 50% occur multiply

94
Q

What shape is a typical pulmonary infarct of the lower lobes?

A

Wedge-shaped

(apex towards hilum; base towards pleura)

95
Q

Parallel, gray lines can often be seen in thromboemboli.

What are these lines?

A

Layers of red cells, platelets, and fibrin

(‘Lines of Zahn’)

96
Q

The majority of lung infections are caused by ________.

A

Viruses

97
Q

What is pulmonary consolidation?

What is a typical cause?

A

Fluid filling sections of the lung;

pneumonia

98
Q

What type of tissue is shown in this micrograph?

What is going on with this patient?

A

Pulmonary tissue;

pneumonia

(neutrophil-rich exudate shown in alveoli)

99
Q

How does pulmonary tissue appear on histology in a patient with an active tuberculosis infection?

A

Well-defined granulomas

Caseous necrosis

Several giant cells interspersed

100
Q

Describe the differences between smokers and non-smokers in terms of small cell, large cell, adeno-, and squamous cell carcinomas.

A
101
Q

Most lung cancers are __________ and arise around or near the lung _____.

What carcinoma does not typically follow this pattern and instead arises in the periphery (e.g. from terminal bronchioles)?

A

Bronchogenic,

hilum;

adenocarcinoma

102
Q

__ /4 of lung carcinomas arise from first-, second-, or third-order bronchi.

A

3

103
Q

Where do lung adenocarcinomas tend to arise?

A

The periphery

(often from septal cells or terminal bronchioles)

104
Q

Name the most common general location to find each of the following in the lungs:

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Large cell carcinoma

Small cell carcinoma

A

Hilum

Periphery

Periphery

Hilum

105
Q

Which lung cancer is most common in non-smokers or those that have quit smoking?

A

Adenocarcinomas

106
Q

Which two hormones can be produced ectopically in which type of lung cancer?

A

ADH, ACTH;

small cell carcinoma

107
Q

Where are metastases to the lungs often found within the lungs?

A

Multiple discrete nodules in the periphery

108
Q

Carcinomas often spread initially via ___________.

Sarcomas often spread initially via ___________.

A

Lymphatics;

hematogenous routes

109
Q

What are two major risk factors for laryngeal carcinomas?

A

Smoking;

alcohol abuse

(synergistic effects)

110
Q

Where do laryngeal carcinomas typically arise?

What subtype of carcinomas are they usually?

A

Directly on the vocal cords;

squamous cell carcinomas (~95%)

111
Q

What type of histopathology is often seen in cases of squamous cell carcinomas (e.g. laryngeal or pulmonary)?

A

Infiltrating ‘tongues’ of atypical squamous cells;

squamous pearls

112
Q

True/False.

Podocytes are essentially a specialized connective tissue cell.

A

False.

They are specialized epithelial cells.

113
Q
A

C.

(fused basal lamina)

T1 - Phase 1 - Integrated (II) (23 decks)

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