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T1 - Phase 1 - Integrated (II) > Endo/Repro - Histology - Hypothalamus, Pituitary, & Pineal Glands; Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Endo/Repro - Histology - Hypothalamus, Pituitary, & Pineal Glands; Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the embryology of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.

A

Adenohypophysis - oral ectoderm evaginates to form Rathke’s pouch

Neurohypophysis - diencephalon evaginates

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2
Q

What is the pars nervosa?

What is the pars distalis?

A

Neurohypophyseal tissue;

adenohypophyseal tissue

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3
Q

What type of capillary is especially abundant in endocrine tissues?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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4
Q

True/False.

Stroma is mainly reticular connective tissue.

A

True.

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5
Q

What are the four main hypothalamic nuclei controlling pituitary function?

A

Supraoptic,

paraventricular,

medial preoptic,

arcuate

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6
Q

In histological terms, what are the three types of cell found in the adenohypophysis?

A
  • Chromophils
  • Chromophobes
  • Folliculostellate
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7
Q

What histological process allows for the differentiation of different hormone-secreting cells in the adenohypophysis?

A

Immunohistochemistry

(antibodies to specific hormone or receptor)

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8
Q

What are the two main types of chromophil in the adenohypophysis?

A
  • Acidophils
  • Basophils
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9
Q

Do we know what function adenohypophyseal folliculostellate cells have?

A

No.

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10
Q

What are the two types of adenohypophyseal acidophillic cells?

A

Somatotrophs,

lactotrophs

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11
Q

What are the three types of adenohypophyseal basophillic cells?

A

Thyrotrophs,

gonadotrophs,

corticotrophs

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12
Q

List each of the following as either an acidophil or basophil:

Somatotroph

Thyrotroph

Gonadotroph

Lactotroph

Corticotroph

A

Acidophil,

basophil,

basophil,

acidophil,

basophil

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13
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei produce the tropic hormones that travel through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Paraventricular,

medial preoptic,

arcuate

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14
Q

Describe the following in terms of pituitary circulation:

Superior hypophyseal artery

Primary capillary plexus

Hypophyseal portal vein

Secondary capillary plexus

A
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15
Q

Does the pars intermedia (histology: colloid and cuboidal cells) of the adenohypophysis secrete hormones?

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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16
Q

What structures are labeled in this micrograph of the neurohypophysis and what functions do they perform?

A

Herring bodies (nerve endings full of secretory products)

Pituicytes (support)

Capillaries (blood supply)

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17
Q
  1. 90% of pineal gland cells are:
  2. They produce:
  3. The supportive cells are:
A

Pinealocytes,

melatonin;

Interstitial cells

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18
Q

What are the dark clumps in the middle of this pineal gland?

A

Corpora arenacea (brain sand; calcified concretions)

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19
Q

What effects does melatonin production have on gonadal effects?

A

Inihibition

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20
Q

Pineal gland destruction in children can lead to what gonadal effect?

A

Precocious puberty

(melatonin is inhibitory)

21
Q

True/False.

Melatonin increases gonadal activity.

True/False.

Light inhibits melatonin release.

A

False.

Melatonin decreases gonadal activity.

True.

Light inhibits melatonin release (via norepinephrine release from the suprachiasmatic nucleus).

22
Q

Pineal gland sympathetic post-ganglionic control comes from which ganglia?

A

Superior cervical ganglia

23
Q

Which of the following has a stromal capsule:

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Pineal gland

A

Pituitary gland (stromal)

Thyroid gland (stromal)

Pineal gland (pia mater capsule only)

24
Q

What is the basic histological structure of the thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells surrounding colloid

25
Q

Which side of the thyroid follicular cells faces the colloid?

Which side of the thyroid follicular cells is the location of TSH receptors?

A

The apical side;

the basolateral cells

26
Q

Where are thyroid parafollicular cells located?

A

In interfollicular areas or within basal laminae of follicles

27
Q

Parafollicular C cells only make up ~0.1% of thyroid cells.

What is the best method for distinguishing them from follicular cells.

A

Electron microscopy –>

Presence of granules = parafollicular C cells

28
Q

What thyroid cell is this?

A

Parafollicular C cell

(note: abundant granules)

29
Q

What are the three major cell types found in the parathyroid glands?

A

Chief cells (dark),

oxyphils (eosinophilic),

adipocytes (white)

30
Q

Upon what cell type does calcitonin act?

To what end?

A

Osteoclasts;

direct inhibition

31
Q

What renal effect does calcitonin have?

A

Increased excretion of both calcium and phophate

32
Q

How do oxyphils of the parathyroid gland appear?

What is their function?

A

Large, eosinophilic cells

(often in groups);

unknown

33
Q

When stimulated by PTH, what do osteoblasts secrete to stimulate osteoclasts?

A

RANK-L

(ALP also released)

34
Q

How do parafollicular cells of the thyroid appear on light microscopy with H&E staining?

A

Light (little dye uptake);

in between follicles

35
Q

How are relatively active thyroid follicles distinguished from relatively inactive follicles via light microscopy?

A

More vesicles/bubbles = more colloid reuptake = more activity

36
Q

Name a few example organs that could potentially produce tumors that secrete PTH-rp.

What would this cause?

A

Lungs, ovaries, or breast tissue;

humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

37
Q

Approximately what percentage of the pancreas is made up of endocrine tissue?

A

1 - 2%

38
Q

What stain reacts with glucagon and can be used to highlight pancreatic α cells in the islets of Langerhans?

A

Silver stain

39
Q

What percentage of islet cells are α cells?

And β cells?

And δ cells?

A

20%

70%

10%

40
Q

In T1DM, β cells are ____________.

In T2DM, β cells are ____________.

A

Reduced,

variable

41
Q

In T1DM, the islets of Langerhans are characterized by a(n) ____________.

In T2DM, the islets of Langerhans are characterized by ____________.

A

Lymphocytic infiltrate;

amyloidosis

42
Q

What are the black spots seen in pineal gland histology?

A

Corpora arenacea (‘brain sand’);

calcific material that increases with age

43
Q

Short arteries of the adrenal gland first perfuse the _________ and then drain out through veins from the _________.

A

Cortex,

medulla

44
Q

Both 11β-hydroxylase and 21β-hydroxylase deficiencies will result in increased ____________ production.

A

Androgen

45
Q

What is the structural difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

A single methyl group

46
Q

_____ arteries of the adrenal gland first perfuse the cortex and then drain out through veins from the medulla.

_____ arteries of the adrenal gland first perfuse the medulla and then drain out through veins from the medulla.

A

Short;

long

47
Q

Why is it important that arterial blood reach the adrenal cortex before traveling to the adrenal medulla?

A

The blood picks up glucocorticoids in the cortex that aid in the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in the medulla

48
Q

The main mass of the adenohypophysis is known as the pars ___________.

The main mass of the neurohypophysis is known as the pars ___________.

A

Distalis;

nervosa

T1 - Phase 1 - Integrated (II) (23 decks)

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