GI - Histology - Liver, Gallbladder, & Exocrine Pancreas Flashcards
What are the three major salivary glands?
Parotid,
submandibular,
sublingual
Describe the following three salivary glands with respect to secretion (serous vs. mucous):
Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
Parotid - Serous
Sublingual - Mixed (majority mucous)
Submandibular - Mixed (majority serous)
From smallest to largest, what are the three stages of duct in salivary glands?
Intercalated –> Striated –> Interlobular
Describe the histological characteristics of the following three duct ‘levels’ of a salivary gland:
Intercalated
Striated
Interlobular
Intercalated - flattened cuboidal
Striated - eosinophilic; aligned basal mitochondria
Lobular - pseudostratified or simple columnar
Are any contractile cells present in salivary glands?
Myoepithelial cells
Are the myoepithelial cells of the salivary glands within or outside the basal lamina of the ductal cells?
Within
True/False.
The exocrine pancreas has myoepithelial cells around its acini.
False.
What are the three ‘stages’ of pancreatic duct segments from the acini to the main pancreatic duct?
Centroacinar cells –>
Intercalated ducts –>
Intralobular ducts
Describe the histological characteristics of the following three duct ‘levels’ of a given pancreatic exocrine gland:
Centroacinar
Intercalated
Intralobular
Centroacinar - pale, small
Intercalated - very short / simple cuboidal
Intralobular - simple cuboidal
True/False.
The gallbladder has no goblet cells.
True.
What type of necrosis is present in acute pancreatitis?
Fat necrosis
What is in the center of a liver lobule?
What are at the hexagonal corners?
A central vein;
the portal triad
What are the portions of the portal triads found in the liver?
Hepatic artery branch
Portal vein branch
Bile duct branch
What type of vessel is a liver sinusoid?
A discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillary
Where is the perisinusoidal space (space of Disse)?
Between the sinusoidal epithelium and the hepatocytes
What cellular structure in the space of Disse (perisinusoidal space) can be visualized via EM?
Hepatocyte microvilli
True/False.
The hepatic venous blood flow and bile flow within the portal triads is in the same direction, towards the central vein.
False.
The hepatic venous blood flow and bile flow within the portal triads are in opposite directions, venous blood towards the central vein and bile flow away.
What immune cell is found in the endothelial lining of the hepatic sinusoids?
Kupffer cells
What myofibroblast precursor is found in the perisinusoidal space (of Disse)?
What substance does it store?
Ito cells;
vitamin A
______ cells are highly involved in the collagen deposition in liver fibrosis and/or portal hypertension.
Ito (stellate)
What epithelium lines the gallbladder lumen?
Simple columnar
(tallest in the body)
What are the two roles of the gallbladder?
Store bile;
concentrate bile (reabsorb water)
Glisson’s capsule surrounds the ________.
Liver
What two substances are often found in hepatocyte granules?
(Hint: one is a storage unit; one is a sign of wear-and-tear.)
Glycogen;
lipofuscin
Bile ductal cells have ______________________ epithelia.
Simple cuboidal
What are the three zones of a hepatic acinus?
Zone 1 - close to lobule artery
Zone 2 - in the middle
Zone 3 - close to central vein
What is the importance of the three hepatic zones in regards to oxygenation?
Zone 1 - most oxygenated
Zone 2
Zone 3 - least oxygenated
What is the importance of the three hepatic zones in regards to metabolism?
Zone 1 - primary site of gluconeogenesis
Zone 2
Zone 3 - primary site of detoxification / glycolysis
Which zone of the liver has the lowest oxygenation?
Zone 3
Which zone of the liver is the primary source of gluconeogenesis?
Zone 1
Which zone of the liver is the primary source of detoxification?
Zone 3
Which zone of the liver is the primary source of glycolysis?
Zone 3
C.
A.
What are the two ducts on the left?
What is the duct on the right?
Striated;
intercalated
(parotid gland)
D.
(smaller than size of acinus; low cuboidal)
D.
(Interlobar would be wayyy bigger)
Describe the general cellular structure of a salivary gland.
Describe the order of duct types.
Describe mucinous and serous acini.
What layer of cells surrounds mucous cells in a salivary gland mucous acinus?
A serous demilunes
Describe the biliary/pancreatic duct and sphincter system anatomy.
Describe pancreatic acinar cells according to their apical and basolateral sides.
Pyramid shaped;
apical - zymogen granules
basolateral - RER
Describe the general structure of a pancreatic acinus.
Describe the structure of a pancreatic duct leading off an acinus (in terms of unique cells found in the acinus and duct).
Which of the following does not have a striated duct?
Parotid glands
Pancreatic glands
Pancreatic glands
D. (pancreatic islets)
What part of a hepatic lobule provides the venous drainage to the lobule?
The central vein
(not the portal veins branches on the hexagonal points)
What are two different names for the vitamin A-storing fibroblast precursors found in the perisinusoidal space (of Disse) in the liver?
Ito cells
(stellate cells)
True/False.
Hepatocytes have microvilli on their apical surfaces and bile canaliculi on their basolateral surfaces.
False.
Hepatocytes have microvilli on their basolateral surfaces and bile canaliculi on their apical surfaces.
True/False.
Hepatocytes have cilia on their basolateral surfaces (in the perisinusoidal space of Disse).
False.
Hepatocytes have microvilli on their basolateral surfaces (in the perisinusoidal space of Disse).
What histological layer is present in most of the GI tract but not in the gallbladder?
The muscularis mucosae
Does the gallbladder have microvilli?
Yes.
What organ is this slide taken from?
Gallbladder
(note: tall simple columnar epithelia with microvilli, no clear muscularis mucosae)
B.
D.
D.
B.
Describe the three zones of hepatic lobules based on oxygenation.
Describe the three zones of hepatic lobules based on oxygenation levels.
What structure is shown here?
The gastro-esophageal junction
What is wrong with this esophagus?
Metaplasia (Barrett’s esophagus)
Name the most common locations for peptic ulcers according to decreasing frequency.
Duodenum –>
gastric antrum –>
within Barrett’s esophagus –>
margins of prior gastric surgery
What percentage of peptic ulcers have bleeding as a complication?
30%
Are peptic ulcers usually multiple or solitary?
What size are they normally?
Solitary;
< 4 cm
___% of GI polyps are non-neoplastic.
90
__% of gastric malignancies are gastric carcinomas.
90
What is the 5-year survival rate for gastric carcinoma?
10%
What are two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease?
Crohn’s disease;
ulcerative colitis
What is a potential cause for inflammatory bowel disease?
Post-viral autoimmune attack
(mimicry - maybe some specific body proteins look like the viral proteins)
Describe the lesions of Crohn’s disease.
Intermittent (‘skip’) lesions; strictures; linear ulcers; fissures/perforations
Describe the lesions of ulcerative colitis.
Extends continuously from rectum in proximal direction
What layers are involved in Crohn’s disease.
Are granulomas present?
Transmural;
yes (noncaseating)
What layers are involved in ulcerative colitis.
Are granulomas present?
Mucosa (sometimes submucosa);
no
