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T1 - Phase 1 - Integrated (II) > GI - Histology - Liver, Gallbladder, & Exocrine Pancreas > Flashcards

GI - Histology - Liver, Gallbladder, & Exocrine Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A

Parotid,

submandibular,

sublingual

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2
Q

Describe the following three salivary glands with respect to secretion (serous vs. mucous):

Parotid

Sublingual

Submandibular

A

Parotid - Serous

Sublingual - Mixed (majority mucous)

Submandibular - Mixed (majority serous)

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3
Q

From smallest to largest, what are the three stages of duct in salivary glands?

A

Intercalated –> Striated –> Interlobular

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4
Q

Describe the histological characteristics of the following three duct ‘levels’ of a salivary gland:

Intercalated

Striated

Interlobular

A

Intercalated - flattened cuboidal

Striated - eosinophilic; aligned basal mitochondria

Lobular - pseudostratified or simple columnar

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5
Q

Are any contractile cells present in salivary glands?

A

Myoepithelial cells

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6
Q

Are the myoepithelial cells of the salivary glands within or outside the basal lamina of the ductal cells?

A

Within

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7
Q

True/False.

The exocrine pancreas has myoepithelial cells around its acini.

A

False.

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8
Q

What are the three ‘stages’ of pancreatic duct segments from the acini to the main pancreatic duct?

A

Centroacinar cells –>

Intercalated ducts –>

Intralobular ducts

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9
Q

Describe the histological characteristics of the following three duct ‘levels’ of a given pancreatic exocrine gland:

Centroacinar

Intercalated

Intralobular

A

Centroacinar - pale, small

Intercalated - very short / simple cuboidal

Intralobular - simple cuboidal

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10
Q

True/False.

The gallbladder has no goblet cells.

A

True.

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11
Q

What type of necrosis is present in acute pancreatitis?

A

Fat necrosis

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12
Q

What is in the center of a liver lobule?

What are at the hexagonal corners?

A

A central vein;

the portal triad

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13
Q

What are the portions of the portal triads found in the liver?

A

Hepatic artery branch

Portal vein branch

Bile duct branch

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14
Q

What type of vessel is a liver sinusoid?

A

A discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillary

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15
Q

Where is the perisinusoidal space (space of Disse)?

A

Between the sinusoidal epithelium and the hepatocytes

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16
Q

What cellular structure in the space of Disse (perisinusoidal space) can be visualized via EM?

A

Hepatocyte microvilli

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17
Q

True/False.

The hepatic venous blood flow and bile flow within the portal triads is in the same direction, towards the central vein.

A

False.

The hepatic venous blood flow and bile flow within the portal triads are in opposite directions, venous blood towards the central vein and bile flow away.

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18
Q

What immune cell is found in the endothelial lining of the hepatic sinusoids?

A

Kupffer cells

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19
Q

What myofibroblast precursor is found in the perisinusoidal space (of Disse)?

What substance does it store?

A

Ito cells;

vitamin A

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20
Q

______ cells are highly involved in the collagen deposition in liver fibrosis and/or portal hypertension.

A

Ito (stellate)

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21
Q

What epithelium lines the gallbladder lumen?

A

Simple columnar

(tallest in the body)

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22
Q

What are the two roles of the gallbladder?

A

Store bile;

concentrate bile (reabsorb water)

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23
Q

Glisson’s capsule surrounds the ________.

A

Liver

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24
Q

What two substances are often found in hepatocyte granules?

(Hint: one is a storage unit; one is a sign of wear-and-tear.)

A

Glycogen;

lipofuscin

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25
Q

Bile ductal cells have ______________________ epithelia.

A

Simple cuboidal

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26
Q

What are the three zones of a hepatic acinus?

A

Zone 1 - close to lobule artery

Zone 2 - in the middle

Zone 3 - close to central vein

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27
Q

What is the importance of the three hepatic zones in regards to oxygenation?

A

Zone 1 - most oxygenated

Zone 2

Zone 3 - least oxygenated

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28
Q

What is the importance of the three hepatic zones in regards to metabolism?

A

Zone 1 - primary site of gluconeogenesis

Zone 2

Zone 3 - primary site of detoxification / glycolysis

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29
Q

Which zone of the liver has the lowest oxygenation?

A

Zone 3

30
Q

Which zone of the liver is the primary source of gluconeogenesis?

A

Zone 1

31
Q

Which zone of the liver is the primary source of detoxification?

A

Zone 3

32
Q

Which zone of the liver is the primary source of glycolysis?

A

Zone 3

33
Q
A

C.

34
Q
A

A.

35
Q

What are the two ducts on the left?

What is the duct on the right?

A

Striated;

intercalated

(parotid gland)

36
Q
A

D.

(smaller than size of acinus; low cuboidal)

37
Q
A

D.

(Interlobar would be wayyy bigger)

38
Q

Describe the general cellular structure of a salivary gland.

Describe the order of duct types.

Describe mucinous and serous acini.

A
39
Q

What layer of cells surrounds mucous cells in a salivary gland mucous acinus?

A

A serous demilunes

40
Q

Describe the biliary/pancreatic duct and sphincter system anatomy.

A
41
Q

Describe pancreatic acinar cells according to their apical and basolateral sides.

A

Pyramid shaped;

apical - zymogen granules

basolateral - RER

42
Q

Describe the general structure of a pancreatic acinus.

A
43
Q

Describe the structure of a pancreatic duct leading off an acinus (in terms of unique cells found in the acinus and duct).

A
44
Q

Which of the following does not have a striated duct?

Parotid glands

Pancreatic glands

A

Pancreatic glands

45
Q
A

D. (pancreatic islets)

46
Q

What part of a hepatic lobule provides the venous drainage to the lobule?

A

The central vein

(not the portal veins branches on the hexagonal points)

47
Q

What are two different names for the vitamin A-storing fibroblast precursors found in the perisinusoidal space (of Disse) in the liver?

A

Ito cells

(stellate cells)

48
Q

True/False.

Hepatocytes have microvilli on their apical surfaces and bile canaliculi on their basolateral surfaces.

A

False.

Hepatocytes have microvilli on their basolateral surfaces and bile canaliculi on their apical surfaces.

49
Q

True/False.

Hepatocytes have cilia on their basolateral surfaces (in the perisinusoidal space of Disse).

A

False.

Hepatocytes have microvilli on their basolateral surfaces (in the perisinusoidal space of Disse).

50
Q

What histological layer is present in most of the GI tract but not in the gallbladder?

A

The muscularis mucosae

51
Q

Does the gallbladder have microvilli?

A

Yes.

52
Q

What organ is this slide taken from?

A

Gallbladder

(note: tall simple columnar epithelia with microvilli, no clear muscularis mucosae)

53
Q
A

B.

54
Q
A

D.

55
Q
A

D.

56
Q
A

B.

57
Q

Describe the three zones of hepatic lobules based on oxygenation.

A
58
Q

Describe the three zones of hepatic lobules based on oxygenation levels.

A
59
Q

What structure is shown here?

A

The gastro-esophageal junction

60
Q

What is wrong with this esophagus?

A

Metaplasia (Barrett’s esophagus)

61
Q

Name the most common locations for peptic ulcers according to decreasing frequency.

A

Duodenum –>

gastric antrum –>

within Barrett’s esophagus –>

margins of prior gastric surgery

62
Q

What percentage of peptic ulcers have bleeding as a complication?

A

30%

63
Q

Are peptic ulcers usually multiple or solitary?

What size are they normally?

A

Solitary;

< 4 cm

64
Q

___% of GI polyps are non-neoplastic.

A

90

65
Q

__% of gastric malignancies are gastric carcinomas.

A

90

66
Q

What is the 5-year survival rate for gastric carcinoma?

A

10%

67
Q

What are two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Crohn’s disease;

ulcerative colitis

68
Q

What is a potential cause for inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Post-viral autoimmune attack

(mimicry - maybe some specific body proteins look like the viral proteins)

69
Q

Describe the lesions of Crohn’s disease.

A

Intermittent (‘skip’) lesions; strictures; linear ulcers; fissures/perforations

70
Q

Describe the lesions of ulcerative colitis.

A

Extends continuously from rectum in proximal direction

71
Q

What layers are involved in Crohn’s disease.

Are granulomas present?

A

Transmural;

yes (noncaseating)

72
Q

What layers are involved in ulcerative colitis.

Are granulomas present?

A

Mucosa (sometimes submucosa);

no

T1 - Phase 1 - Integrated (II) (23 decks)

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