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Human Development > Puerperium > Flashcards

Puerperium Flashcards

1
Q

What is the maternal mortality ratio?

A

Number of maternal deaths/100,000 livebirths

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2
Q

What is MBRRACE?

A

Confidential enquiries into maternal death

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3
Q

What is maternal death defined as?

A

Death during/up to 6 weeks after the end of pregnancy

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4
Q

Are direct or indirect maternal deaths more common?

A

Indirect maternal deaths

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5
Q

What is the leading cause of maternal death?

A

Cardiac disease

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6
Q

What is the most important factor associated with maternal death?

A

Medical comorbidites

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7
Q

Name 3 important risk factors for maternal mortality

A
  1. Black/Asian race
  2. Older age
  3. Overweight/obese
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8
Q

Is persistent breathlessness when lying flat normal in pregnancy?

A

No - may mean heart problems

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9
Q

Name 3 causes of maternal near-misses

A

Haemorrhage
Hypertension
Sepsis

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10
Q

Where in the world is maternal mortality highest?

A

Central Africa (up to 1 per 100 women giving birth)

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11
Q

Which country has the highest risk of maternal death?

A

Chad (1 in 15 lifetime risk)

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12
Q

How is the perinatal period defined?

A

During pregnancy and up to a year after the birth

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13
Q

What are ‘baby blues’?

A

Different to post partum depression/psychosis

May be hormonal - reduction in oestrogen following birth

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14
Q

How common are mental health issues during pregnancy?

A

1 in 4 women

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15
Q

What are the clinical features of perinatal depression?

A 
Broken sleep
Extreme tiredness
Anhedonia
Lack of interest
Low mood
(at least one most days etc for at least 2 weeks)
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16
Q

What are risk factors for perinatal depression?

A

Social risk factors/socioeconomic
Psychological (personality traits)
Biological (genetic, young age)

17
Q

What percentage of pregnancies result in miscarriage?

A

15%

18
Q

What are the 3 types of chromosome abnormality?

A

Aneuploidy
Rearrangements
Deletions/duplications

19
Q

What are the 3 viable aneuploidy chromosomes?

A 
13 = Patau
18 = Edwards
21 = Downs
20
Q

What are the 2 types of chromosome translocations?

A

Robertsonian

Reciprocal

21
Q

What are Robertsonian translocations?

A

Fusion of 2 acrocentric chromosomes (14, 15, 21, 22)

22
Q

What are reciprocal translocations?

A

Exchange of material between 2 non-homologous chromosomes

23
Q

If abnormality is detected on ultrasound scans, what genetic test is done first?

A
  1. QF-PCR for trisomies

2. If normal, tested with aCGH

24
Q

Which vitamin can cause problems both in deficiency and excess during pregnancy?

A

Vitamin A

25
Q

Which supplements should all pregnant women take?

A
  • folate before and up to 12 weeks

- vitamin D (through breastfeeding too)

26
Q

Why are vitamin D supplements recommended?

A

Prevent congenital rickets in newborn

27
Q

Why are calcium supplements NOT recommended?

A

Mother adapts to meet increased calcium requirement through increasing intestinal absorption

28
Q

When are iron supplements necessary in pregnancy?

A

If entering pregnancy with low iron stores

29
Q

What are the current breastfeeding guidelines?

A

Exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months

Then complementary foods plus breastfeeding for up to 2 years or beyond

30
Q

Which vitamin supplements should be given from 6 months if not much infant formula is being given (<500ml per day)?

A

Vitamins A, C and D

31
Q

What does infant formula lack compared to breast milk?

A

Immunological factors

Quantity and quality of macronutrients

32
Q

Why is weaning at 6 months important?

A

Nutritional and developmental reasons

33
Q

What are 3 signs that a baby is ready for solid food?

A
  1. Can sit and hold head up
  2. Can co-ordinate putting food in its mouth
  3. Can swallow food

Human Development (12 decks)

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