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Human Development > Growth > Flashcards

Growth Flashcards

1
Q

How is the mother monitored during labour?

A 
Contractions
Dilatation
Vital signs 
Drugs/fluids
Urine output
PV loss
Pain
Emotional state
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2
Q

How is the fetus monitored during labour?

A

Fetal heart activity
Fetal position
Descent

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3
Q

What are the three types of pain relief during labour?

A

Non-pharmacological (breathing and massage)
Pharmacological (Entonox, opioids)
Regional (epidural)

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4
Q

What are the 3 stages of labour?

A

Stage 1 = dilatation of the cervix
Stage 2 = delivery of the baby
Stage 3 = delivery of placenta

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5
Q

What happens in the passive part of Stage 1?

A

Painful irregular contractions

Cervical effacement and dilatation

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6
Q

What happens in the active part of Stage 1?

A

Regular painful contractions

Progressive cervical dilatation

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7
Q

What happens in the transition into the second stage?

A 
Uncontrollable urge to push
Sweating
Mood changes
Genitals/anus bulging
Baby's head moves into vagina
Purple line between buttocks
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8
Q

What is the passive stage of stage 2?

A

Full dilatation of the cervix (rest and be thankful)

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9
Q

What is the active stage of stage 2?

A

Expulsive contractions (baby visible)

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10
Q

How can stage 3 of labour be managed?

A 
Active management (uterotonic drugs)
Physiological (no drugs)
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11
Q

What are examples of serious postpartum complications?

A

Post partum haemorrhage
Infection
Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia
Thromboembolism

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12
Q

What are three components of child growth?

A

Physical growth
Emotional growth
Child development

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13
Q

What is auxology?

A

The study of measuring growth

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14
Q

How are children measured differently before and after 2 years of age?

A

Up to 2 years - length of baby

After 2 years - height of child

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15
Q

When is head circumference measured and why?

A

Up to 2 years

Monitor brain development

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16
Q

For how long is there lots of ‘normal’ fluctuation in growth?

A

First 6 months of life

17
Q

At what age do girls usually overtake boys on the growth curve?

A

Around 12 years

18
Q

What are the 3 phases of child growth?

A

Infancy
Mid-childhood
Puberty

19
Q

What hormones are involved in infancy growth?

A

Insulin

But NO growth hormone

20
Q

What hormones are involved in mid childhood growth?

A

Growth hormone

Thyroxine

21
Q

What hormones are involved in puberty?

A

Growth hormone

Sex hormones

22
Q

How is faltering growth defined?

A

Dropping more than 2 centile lines on a growth chart over 12 months

23
Q

How is coeliac disease characterised?

A 
Tiredness
Anaemia
Positive antibodies
Positive jejunal biopsy
Response to diet
24
Q

What are the 3 stages of sex determination?

A

Gonad formation
Gonad determination
Sex differentiation

25
Q

What occurs during gonad formation?

A

Intermediate mesoderm forms the urogenital ridge, which develops into the nephrogenic ridge and gonadal ridge.
Bipotential gonad forms

26
Q

What occurs during gonad determination?

A

Formation of ovary or testis from bipotential gonad

27
Q

Which two transcription factors are important in testes formation?

A

SRY

Sox9

28
Q

Which gene on the X chromosome is important for repressing testes development?

A

DAX1

2 copies

29
Q

What is needed for ovary formation?

A

Germ cells

2 X chromosomes

30
Q

What occurs during sex differentiation?

A

Gonads secrete hormones - creates external genitalia etc

31
Q

At what age of the embryo do the external genitalia begin to look different?

A

8 weeks

32
Q

How does the male gonad form?

A

Wolffian duct stabilised

AMH prevents Mullerian ducts developing

33
Q

How does the female gonad form?

A

Wollfian structure regresses

Mullerian ducts stabilised (no AMH/testosterone)

34
Q

What are the 3 classes of disorders of sexual development?

A
  1. Whole chromosome
  2. Region of a chromosome
  3. Change within a single gene
35
Q

Give an example of a whole chromosome sexual development disorder

A 
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
(2 copies of DAX1 so testes do not form properly)
36
Q

Give an example of a region of a chromosome sexual development disorder?

A

SRY translocation (in father, between X and Y)

37
Q

Give an example of a change within a single gene that causes a sexual development disorder?

A

5 alpha reductase deficiency

testosterone not converted to DHT properly so external genitalia do not form

Human Development (12 decks)

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