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Human Development > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is primary hypothyroidism caused by?

A

Problems with the thyroid gland

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2
Q

What is secondary hypothyroidism caused by?

A

Problems with the pituitary gland

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3
Q

What is tertiary hypothyroidism caused by?

A

Problems with the hypothalamus

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4
Q

What are the three lobes of the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Anterior (distalis, tuberalis)
  2. Intermediate (intermedia, nervosa)
  3. Posterior (nervosa, infundibulum)
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5
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

A

Pituitary fossa in sphenoid bone

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6
Q

What can cause bitemporal hemianopia?

A

Compression of optic chasm due to a sella/suprasellar mass

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7
Q

What are the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A

ACTH, GH, PRL, TSH, FSH, LH

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8
Q

How does endocrinopathology clinically present?

A 
Mass lesion (headache, vision problems)
Hypopituitarism (fatigue, weight gain etc.)
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9
Q

How is pituitary hypo function tested?

A

Measure pituitary hormone
Measure target hormone
Insulin tolerance test

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10
Q

What does high TSH indicate in hypothyroidism?

A

Primary hypothyroidism (thyroid gland)

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11
Q

What does low TSH indicate in hypothyroidism?

A

Secondary hypothyroidism (pituitary gland)

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12
Q

Why are prolactin levels high in pituitary tumour patients?

A

Pituitary tumours prevent dopamine production - dopamine normally inhibits
prolactin production

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13
Q

What are the classes of pituitary tumour?

A

Size (microadenoma vs macro adenoma)

Functioning vs non functioning

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14
Q

What does a GH functioning tumour present as?

A

Acromegaly

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15
Q

What does an ACTH functioning tumour present as?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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16
Q

What does a PRL functioning tumour present as?

A

Galactorroea (milk production outside of pregnancy)

Amenorrhoea

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17
Q

What does a TSH functioning tumour present as?

A

Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism)

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18
Q

What is the treatment for a pituitary tumour?

A

Conservative
Surgery
Medical
Radiotherapy

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19
Q

Which hormones are tyrosine derivatives?

A

Dopamine
Thyroxine
Adrenaline/noradrenaline

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20
Q

Which proteins are glycoproteins?

A

TSH
LH
FSH
hCG

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21
Q

Which hormones are steroid hormones?

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoid
Sex steroids

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22
Q

Which 3 hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Calcitonin
T3
T4

23
Q

How do catecholamines and peptide hormones circulate?

A

Free form (hydrophilic)

24
Q

How do thyroid hormones and steroid hormones circulate?

A

In a bound form (hydrophobic)

25
Q

How are catecholamines and peptide hormones stored?

A

Secretory granules/vesicles

26
Q

How are thyroid hormones stored?

A

In colloid as part of thyroglobulin

27
Q

How are steroid hormones stored?

A

Not stored (made on demand)

28
Q

Which 2 hypothalamic hormones control prolactin release?

A
  1. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (excitatory)

2. Dopamine (inhibitory)

29
Q

How does suckling result in oxytocin release?

A

Activation of nipple mechanoreceptors –> inhibits dopamine release –> activates neutrons producing oxytocin

30
Q

What is hyperprolactinaemia?

A

High prolactin levels
Symptoms: galactorrhea, gynaecomastia, infertility
Treated with D2 agonits.

31
Q

At what stages of life does the thyroid gland enlarge?

A

Adolescence
Pregnancy/lactation
At end of menstrual cycle

32
Q

What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries (from external carotid and subclavian)

33
Q

Which gland concentrates iodine in the body?

A

Thyroid gland

34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones?

A

Interaction with nuclear receptors

35
Q

What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Cold intolerance
Weight gain
Constipation

36
Q

What are possible causes of hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Also chemo/hyper treatment

37
Q

What levels of of TSH, T4 and T3 indicate Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

TSH - high
fT4 - low
T3 - low

38
Q

What is a goitre?

A

Increase in size of thyroid gland often due to iodine deficiency

39
Q

What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Sweating
Heat intolerance
Fatigue
Eye protrusion

40
Q

What are possible causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ disease (most common)

Could also be toxic thyroid nodule/tumour

41
Q

How is Graves’ disease diagnosed?

A

Antibodies/thyroid uptake scan

42
Q

How is hyperthyroidism treated?

A

Antithyroid drugs/radioiodine/surgery

43
Q

How is cortisol synthesis regulated?

A

Hypothalamus releases CRH –> corticotrophs in anterior pituitary release ACTH –> adrenal cortex makes cortisol

44
Q

What are the effects of cortisol?

A

Hyperglycaemia
Muscle wasting
Osteoporosis

45
Q

What are some disadvantages of steroids?

A

Can suppress immune response
Can contribute to osteoporosis
Can cause iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome

46
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Chronic adrenal insufficiency (hypo function).

47
Q

What is primary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Destruction of adrenal cortex (lack of cortisol)

48
Q

What is secondary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Lack of ACTH

49
Q

What are the clinical features of Addison’s disease?

A

Weakness/fatigue
Hyperpigmentation
Postural hypotension
GI disturbances

50
Q

What are signs of malignant nodules of thyroid on US?

A

Microcalcification
Hypoechoic
Solid/large
Irregular margin

51
Q

What are risk factors for thyroid cancer?

A

Radiation exposure
Family history
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Cowden’s syndrome

52
Q

How does thyroid cancer clinically present?

A

Lump in neck with sudden pain
Enlarging mass
Unexplained hoarse voice

53
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

A rare tumour of the adrenal medulla, which secretes noradrenaline/adrenaline.

54
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome?

A

Too much aldosterone (often caused by benign adrenal adenoma)

Human Development (12 decks)

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