Public Speaking Final Flashcards
Components of Listening Process
Selecting Attenting Understanding Remembering Responding
Selecting
To focus on one sound as you sort through various sounds competing for your attention
Attending
To maintain a sustained focus on a particular message
Understanding
To assign meaning to messages
Remembering
To recall information
Responding
To confirm your understanding of a message
Listening Styles
Relational
Analytical
Critical
Task-Oriented
Relational
To prefer to focus on the emotions and feelings communicated by others verbally and nonverbally
Analytical
To withhold judgment, listen to all sides of an issue, and wait until the facts are mentioned before reaching a conclusion
Critical
To prefer to listen for the facts and evidence to support key ideas and an underlying logic and to also listen for errors, inconsistencies, and discrepancies
Task-Oriented
To look at the overall structure of the message to see what action needs to be taken and prefer efficient, clear, and brief messages
Listening Barriers
Self-Focus Emotional Noise Criticism Processing Rate Receiver Apprehension Shifting Attention Cultural Differences Barriers of Time Barriers of Place
Self-Focus
Focusing on internal messages and being unable to select and attend to the other person’s message
Emotional Noise
A form of communication noise caused by emotional arousal
Criticism
Paying too much attention to a person’s appearance and speech characteristics rather than their message
Processing Rate
When the brain processes words faster than the speaker is saying them, leaving empty periods of time for the mind to wander
Receiver Apprehension
The fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the messages spoken by others or of not being able to adjust psychologically to messages expressed by others
Shifting Attention
Attempting to listen while doing other things
Cultural Differences
Meanings and deliveries of words are different among different cultures
Barriers of Time
The sharpness of the mind changes throughout the day
Barriers of Place
Being unable to focus and listen on account of a distracting environment
Process of Improving Listening Skills
Stop
Look
Listen
Meta-Communication
Communication about communication
How Men Communicate
More instrumental
Characterized by assertiveness and getting things done
More emphasis on the content of the messages and the information being exchanged
More attention given to the verbal elements
How Women Communicate
Use communication for the purpose of relating and connecting to others
More expressive
More emphasis on the relational elements of the message
More attention given to nonverbal elements
Discrimination
The unfair or inappropriate treatment of people based on their group membership
Culture
A learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people and shaped from one generation to the next
Co-Culture
A culture that exists within a larger cultural context
Intercultural Communication
Communication between people who have different cultural traditions
Culture Shock
Feelings of confusion, loss, stress, and anxiety that a person may experience when encountering a culture different from his or her own
Worldview
A perspective shared by a culture or group of people about key beliefs and issues, such as death, God, and the meaning of life, that influences interactions with others
Globalization
The integration of economics and technology that is contributing to a worldwide, interconnected business environment
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one’s own cultural traditions and assumptions are superior to those of others
Individualism
A culture that values individual achievement and personal accomplishments
Collectivism
A culture that places a high value on collaboration, teamwork, and group achievement
Centralized Approach to Power
Values having power in the hands of a smaller number of people
Decentralized Approach to Power
Favors more equality and a more even distribution of power in government and organizations
Long-Term Orientation
Tend to be future oriented and value perseverance and thrift
Short-Term Orientation
Tend to value the past and present, respecting tradition, preserving face, and fulfilling social obligations
Barriers that Separate Us from OThers
Assuming Superiority
Assuming Similarity
Assuming Differences
Stereotyping and Prejudice
How We Can Adapt to Others
Aim for intercultural communication competence Seek information Ask questions and listen Tolerate ambiguity Develop mindfulness Become other-oriented Ethically adapt to others
Interpersonal Communication
Communication that occurs between two people who simultaneously attempt to mutually influence each other, for the purpose of managing relationships
Impersonal Communication
Communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people
Matching Hypothesis
The theory that one tends to seek out individuals who represent the same level of physical attractiveness as oneself
Properties of Self-Disclosure
Reciprocity
Appropriateness
Risk
Social Penetration Model
A model of self-disclosure that asserts that in both the breadth and depth of information shared with another person increase as the relationship develops
Johari Window
A model that explains how self-disclosure varies from relationship to relationship; the model reflects various stages of relational development, degrees of self-awareness, and others’ perceptions
Relational Escalation
Pre-Interaction Awareness Initiation Exploration Intensification Intimacy
Relational De-Escalation
Turmoil Stagnation De-Intensification Individualization Separation Post-Interaction
Relational Dialectics
A perspective that views interpersonal relationships as constantly changing rather than stable and that revolves around how relational partners manage tension
Interpersonal Conflict
A struggle that occurs when people cannot agree on a way to meet their needs
Constructive Conflict
Conflict characterized by cooperation in dealing with differences and helps build new insights and patterns in a relationship