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AAH Final Review > Psychology Book Test 1 > Flashcards

Psychology Book Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is considered as the father of American psychology and is recognized for his contributions to the study of consciousness?

A

William James

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2
Q

Daydreaming occurs mostly by _________?

A

Drifting consciousness

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3
Q

Based on his experiment on cats, Thorndike formulated a principle called “law of effect,” according to which:

A

1) Responses followed by satisfying effects are strengthened

2) Responses followed by unpleasant effects are weakened

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4
Q

A student learns how to solve a math problem but doesn’t demonstrate his ability until he must do it for an important test. This is an example of:

A

Latent learning

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5
Q

You study for a psychology test on Saturday and a sociology test on Sunday. On Monday, you take the psychology test and have trouble recalling the materials in psychology as you confuse it with the ones in sociology. This experience probably occurred because of:

A

Retroactive interference

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6
Q

A sea-horse shaped brain structure that is often damaged in patients with anterograde amnesia is:

A

Hippocampus

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7
Q

Depressants are drugs that reduce _________.

A

CNS activity

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8
Q

What does LSD produce?

A

Vivid hallucinations

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9
Q

The immune system protects the body from what?

A

Disease-causing organisms

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10
Q

Who made the Law of Effect?

A

Thorndike

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11
Q

Who made up the term “repression?”

A

Freud

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12
Q

What is repression?

A

Motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material

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13
Q

What are the changes in level of ordinary awareness in waking cycles?

A

Altered states of awareness

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14
Q

In which state does one dream?

A

REM

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15
Q

Conditioned taste aversions are acquired through…

A

Classical conditioning

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16
Q

Which type of learning has the sudden realization of a solution to a problem?

A

Insight

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17
Q

What are the stages of the three-stage model of memory?

A

Sensory memory, Short-term memory, and Long-term memory

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18
Q

Which is a belief that forgetting is a result of failure to access stored materials?

A

Retrieval theory

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19
Q

What psychoactive drug causes mild euphoria and psychogenic effects?

A

Ecstasy

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20
Q

Who distinguished between positive and negative reinforcement?

A

B. F. Skinner

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21
Q

The systematic application of learning principles to strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior is…

A

Behavior modification

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22
Q

Which activity is important for the brain to consolidate or solidify newly formed memories into long-lasting remembrances?

A

Sleep

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23
Q

Constructionist theory holds that…

A

Memories are not a replica of the past, but a representation.

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24
Q

A state of heightened alertness that is allowed by the selectivity of our conscious is…

A

Focused awareness

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25
Q

Dreams in which the person is aware that they are dreaming is known as…

A

Lucid dreaming

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26
Q

Which application of operant conditioning is the learning of complex material by breaking it down into a series of smaller steps?

A

Programmed instruction

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27
Q

The process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of the solution occurs is…

A

Insight learning

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28
Q

What is the process of accessing stored information to make it available to the consciousness?

A

Memory retrieval

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29
Q

The type of amnesia that results in the loss of memory of past events is called…

A

Retrograde amnesia

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30
Q

Sleep apnea is…

A

The temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

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31
Q

An unlearned reflexive behavior in response to a stimulus is known as…

A

Unconditioned response

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32
Q

Who studied the role of cognitive processes in learning?

A

Edward Tolman and C. H. Honzik

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33
Q

The process of converting information into a form usable by memory is called…

A

Encoding

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34
Q

When information is encoded semantically, we code it via…

A

Meaning

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35
Q

How many hours of sleep are require for most adults?

A

7-9 hours

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36
Q

The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to escape from an aversive stimulus is known as…

A

Escape learning

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37
Q

A phenomenon experienced by people who claim that they have partial recall of the information they are trying to retrieve are experiencing…

A

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT)

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38
Q

The pattern of fluctuations in bodily processes that occur regularly each day are called…

A

Circadian rhythm

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39
Q

Neodissociation Theory is based on the belief that…

A

Hypnosis represents a state of dissociated consciousness

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40
Q

The belief that behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences is called…

A

Radical behaviorism

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41
Q

In a schedule of continuous reinforcement…

A

Reinforcement is given after the operant response

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42
Q

Karl Lashley called the physical trace in the brain where a memory is stored an…

A

Engram

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43
Q

Anterograde amnesia is…

A

Loss or impairment to form or store new memories

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44
Q

Circadian rhythm affects:

A

Sleep/wake cycles
Body temperature
Hormonal secretions
Blood pressure

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45
Q

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus regulates our sleep and wake cycles based on what?

A

Light hitting the retina

46
Q

How long does short term memory last?

A

30 seconds

47
Q

In what state is a person the most aware of their surroundings?

A

Focused awareness

48
Q

A fear response called conditional emotional response is acquired through…

A

Classical conditioning

49
Q

A technique for teaching people to change certain bodily responses, like heart rate and brain waves is called…

A

Biofeedback training

50
Q

What ways do we encode information?

A

Acoustically
Visually
Semantically

51
Q

What is serial recall?

A

Recalling a series of items in a particular order

52
Q

The activation-synthesis hypothesis states that…

A

Brain stem neurons create random electrical discharges that are later integrated with cerebral cortex information

53
Q

The memory of facts and personal information that requires conscious effort is known as…

A

Declarative memory

54
Q

The explanation of long-term memory that maintains information is organized throughout networks of concepts is known as the…

A

Semantic Network Model

55
Q

Who was the first to demonstrate experimentally the role of classical conditioning in the development of taste aversions?

A

John Garcia

56
Q

What is the leading scientific view of memory that says that memory is the process by which the brain represents or reconstructs past experiences

A

Constructionist Theory

57
Q

Which sleep-wake disorder involves a pattern of frequent and disturbing nightmares?

A

Nightmare disorder

58
Q

A teacher who uses surprise “pop” quizzes encourages which type of schedule of reinforcement for studying?

A

Variable-Interval Schedule

59
Q

Insight learning involves…

A

Mentally looking through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs

60
Q

What is negative stereotyping?

A

Ascribing negative traits to people of certain groups

61
Q

The grouping of a larger number of bits of information into a smaller number to aid recall is…

A

Chunking

62
Q

People spend more than half of their sleep time in…

A

Stage 2 Sleep

63
Q

Thorndike’s principle that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur, whereas those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur is termed what?

A

Law of Effect

64
Q

What is the type of memory that corresponds to “knowing that…”

A

Declarative memory

65
Q

The theory of dreaming that says, “Dreams as attempts to solve problems of daily living” is…

A

Problem-Solving Hypothesis

66
Q

Replenishing spent bodily resources is what kind of function of sleep?

A

Restorative function

67
Q

Stimuli that signal the occasion for reinforcement is what kind of classic condition?

A

Discriminative stimuli

68
Q

What are the types of cognitive learning?

A

Insight learning
Latent learning
Observational learning

69
Q

Declarative memory is a part of…

A

Long-term memory

70
Q

Memories fading gradually over time is what kind of theory of forgetting?

A

Decay theory

71
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Acquiring new behaviors by imitating behaviors we observe in others

72
Q

Episodic memory is…

A

Memory of personal experiences that constitute the story of your life

73
Q

The experience of reliving past events is…

A

Hypnotic age regression

74
Q

The use of sexual cues in hope that a product will elicit sexual arousal and positive emotions is often used in…

A

Classical conditioning of advertising

75
Q

How many Americans suffer from alcoholism?

A

8 million

76
Q

Which two scientists showed that classical conditioning extends to the workings of the immune system using lab rats, saccharin-sweetened water, and a drug that suppressed immune system responses?

A

Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen

77
Q

What are reinforcers, such as food or sexual stimulation, that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives?

A

Primary reinforcers

78
Q

Which type of memory is memory accessed through conscious effort?

A

Explicit memory

79
Q

Who believed in radical behaviorism?

A

B. F. Skinner

80
Q

What is the process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution?

A

Insight learning

81
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Memory of personal experiences

82
Q

What are the two most widely used hallucinogens?

A

LSD and marijuana

83
Q

What are the three major classes of psychoactive drugs?

A

Depressants, hallucinogens, and stimulants

84
Q

What is the term when people learn to avoid stimuli?

A

Avoidance learning

85
Q

What is the process of learning involving the reinforcement of increasingly closer approximations of the desired response?

A

Shaping

86
Q

How many items can a person normally retain a maximum of in short-term memory?

A

7

87
Q

Which type of amnesia involve the “splitting off” from memory of traumatic or troubling experiences?

A

Dissociative amnesia

88
Q

What is an example of drifting consciousness?

A

Daydreaming

89
Q

Who constructed the puzzle box?

A

Thorndike

90
Q

Free recall is…

A

Calling back as much information as you can in no particular order

91
Q

REM sleep is sometimes called…

A

Active sleep

92
Q

Ivan Pavlov discovered what type of learning?

A

Classical conditioning

93
Q

Memory of facts and general information about the world is…

A

Semantic memory

94
Q

The tendency to recall items better when they are learned first is called…

A

Primacy effect

95
Q

Nightmares usually take place during which stage of sleep?

A

REM

96
Q

Ebbinghaus showed that forgetting occurs…

A

Most rapidly shortly after learning and then gradually declines over time

97
Q

Which term defines “memory circuits in the brain that consist of complicated networks of nerve cells?”

A

Neuronal networks

98
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce that helps synchronize the body’s sleep-wake cycle?

A

Melatonin

99
Q

Delirium is…

A

A mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, difficulty in focusing attention, and excitable behavior

100
Q

A stimulus that elicits an unlearned response is…

A

Unconditioned stimulus

101
Q

The process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction is…

A

Reconditioning

102
Q

The belief that forgetting is the result of the interference of memories with each other is…

A

Interference theory

103
Q

What is the most common psychoactive drug used?

A

Nicotine

104
Q

The process of converting short-term memory to long-term memory is…

A

Consolidation

105
Q

Who conducted the Little Albert experiment?

A

John Watson

106
Q

Who believed that human behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences?

A

B. F. Skinner

107
Q

What kind of learning is done by observing and imitating the behavior of others?

A

Observational learning

108
Q

What does the serial position effect explain?

A

The tendency to recall items at the start or end of a list better than those in the middle

109
Q

What parts of the brain play a role in memory?

A

Amygdala
Thalamus
Hippocampus

110
Q

What are the two types of meditation?

A

Transcendental and mindful

111
Q

What does REM stand for?

A

Rapid eye movement

112
Q

Who is attributed to the idea of spontaneous recovery?

A

Pavlov

AAH Final Review (10 decks)

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