Psychology Book Test 1 Flashcards
Who is considered as the father of American psychology and is recognized for his contributions to the study of consciousness?
William James
Daydreaming occurs mostly by _________?
Drifting consciousness
Based on his experiment on cats, Thorndike formulated a principle called “law of effect,” according to which:
1) Responses followed by satisfying effects are strengthened
2) Responses followed by unpleasant effects are weakened
A student learns how to solve a math problem but doesn’t demonstrate his ability until he must do it for an important test. This is an example of:
Latent learning
You study for a psychology test on Saturday and a sociology test on Sunday. On Monday, you take the psychology test and have trouble recalling the materials in psychology as you confuse it with the ones in sociology. This experience probably occurred because of:
Retroactive interference
A sea-horse shaped brain structure that is often damaged in patients with anterograde amnesia is:
Hippocampus
Depressants are drugs that reduce _________.
CNS activity
What does LSD produce?
Vivid hallucinations
The immune system protects the body from what?
Disease-causing organisms
Who made the Law of Effect?
Thorndike
Who made up the term “repression?”
Freud
What is repression?
Motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material
What are the changes in level of ordinary awareness in waking cycles?
Altered states of awareness
In which state does one dream?
REM
Conditioned taste aversions are acquired through…
Classical conditioning
Which type of learning has the sudden realization of a solution to a problem?
Insight
What are the stages of the three-stage model of memory?
Sensory memory, Short-term memory, and Long-term memory
Which is a belief that forgetting is a result of failure to access stored materials?
Retrieval theory
What psychoactive drug causes mild euphoria and psychogenic effects?
Ecstasy
Who distinguished between positive and negative reinforcement?
B. F. Skinner
The systematic application of learning principles to strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior is…
Behavior modification
Which activity is important for the brain to consolidate or solidify newly formed memories into long-lasting remembrances?
Sleep
Constructionist theory holds that…
Memories are not a replica of the past, but a representation.
A state of heightened alertness that is allowed by the selectivity of our conscious is…
Focused awareness
Dreams in which the person is aware that they are dreaming is known as…
Lucid dreaming
Which application of operant conditioning is the learning of complex material by breaking it down into a series of smaller steps?
Programmed instruction
The process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of the solution occurs is…
Insight learning
What is the process of accessing stored information to make it available to the consciousness?
Memory retrieval
The type of amnesia that results in the loss of memory of past events is called…
Retrograde amnesia
Sleep apnea is…
The temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
An unlearned reflexive behavior in response to a stimulus is known as…
Unconditioned response
Who studied the role of cognitive processes in learning?
Edward Tolman and C. H. Honzik
The process of converting information into a form usable by memory is called…
Encoding
When information is encoded semantically, we code it via…
Meaning
How many hours of sleep are require for most adults?
7-9 hours
The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to escape from an aversive stimulus is known as…
Escape learning
A phenomenon experienced by people who claim that they have partial recall of the information they are trying to retrieve are experiencing…
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT)
The pattern of fluctuations in bodily processes that occur regularly each day are called…
Circadian rhythm
Neodissociation Theory is based on the belief that…
Hypnosis represents a state of dissociated consciousness
The belief that behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences is called…
Radical behaviorism
In a schedule of continuous reinforcement…
Reinforcement is given after the operant response
Karl Lashley called the physical trace in the brain where a memory is stored an…
Engram
Anterograde amnesia is…
Loss or impairment to form or store new memories
Circadian rhythm affects:
Sleep/wake cycles
Body temperature
Hormonal secretions
Blood pressure
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus regulates our sleep and wake cycles based on what?
Light hitting the retina
How long does short term memory last?
30 seconds
In what state is a person the most aware of their surroundings?
Focused awareness
A fear response called conditional emotional response is acquired through…
Classical conditioning
A technique for teaching people to change certain bodily responses, like heart rate and brain waves is called…
Biofeedback training
What ways do we encode information?
Acoustically
Visually
Semantically
What is serial recall?
Recalling a series of items in a particular order
The activation-synthesis hypothesis states that…
Brain stem neurons create random electrical discharges that are later integrated with cerebral cortex information
The memory of facts and personal information that requires conscious effort is known as…
Declarative memory
The explanation of long-term memory that maintains information is organized throughout networks of concepts is known as the…
Semantic Network Model
Who was the first to demonstrate experimentally the role of classical conditioning in the development of taste aversions?
John Garcia
What is the leading scientific view of memory that says that memory is the process by which the brain represents or reconstructs past experiences
Constructionist Theory
Which sleep-wake disorder involves a pattern of frequent and disturbing nightmares?
Nightmare disorder
A teacher who uses surprise “pop” quizzes encourages which type of schedule of reinforcement for studying?
Variable-Interval Schedule
Insight learning involves…
Mentally looking through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs
What is negative stereotyping?
Ascribing negative traits to people of certain groups
The grouping of a larger number of bits of information into a smaller number to aid recall is…
Chunking
People spend more than half of their sleep time in…
Stage 2 Sleep
Thorndike’s principle that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur, whereas those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur is termed what?
Law of Effect
What is the type of memory that corresponds to “knowing that…”
Declarative memory
The theory of dreaming that says, “Dreams as attempts to solve problems of daily living” is…
Problem-Solving Hypothesis
Replenishing spent bodily resources is what kind of function of sleep?
Restorative function
Stimuli that signal the occasion for reinforcement is what kind of classic condition?
Discriminative stimuli
What are the types of cognitive learning?
Insight learning
Latent learning
Observational learning
Declarative memory is a part of…
Long-term memory
Memories fading gradually over time is what kind of theory of forgetting?
Decay theory
What is observational learning?
Acquiring new behaviors by imitating behaviors we observe in others
Episodic memory is…
Memory of personal experiences that constitute the story of your life
The experience of reliving past events is…
Hypnotic age regression
The use of sexual cues in hope that a product will elicit sexual arousal and positive emotions is often used in…
Classical conditioning of advertising
How many Americans suffer from alcoholism?
8 million
Which two scientists showed that classical conditioning extends to the workings of the immune system using lab rats, saccharin-sweetened water, and a drug that suppressed immune system responses?
Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen
What are reinforcers, such as food or sexual stimulation, that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives?
Primary reinforcers
Which type of memory is memory accessed through conscious effort?
Explicit memory
Who believed in radical behaviorism?
B. F. Skinner
What is the process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution?
Insight learning
What is episodic memory?
Memory of personal experiences
What are the two most widely used hallucinogens?
LSD and marijuana
What are the three major classes of psychoactive drugs?
Depressants, hallucinogens, and stimulants
What is the term when people learn to avoid stimuli?
Avoidance learning
What is the process of learning involving the reinforcement of increasingly closer approximations of the desired response?
Shaping
How many items can a person normally retain a maximum of in short-term memory?
7
Which type of amnesia involve the “splitting off” from memory of traumatic or troubling experiences?
Dissociative amnesia
What is an example of drifting consciousness?
Daydreaming
Who constructed the puzzle box?
Thorndike
Free recall is…
Calling back as much information as you can in no particular order
REM sleep is sometimes called…
Active sleep
Ivan Pavlov discovered what type of learning?
Classical conditioning
Memory of facts and general information about the world is…
Semantic memory
The tendency to recall items better when they are learned first is called…
Primacy effect
Nightmares usually take place during which stage of sleep?
REM
Ebbinghaus showed that forgetting occurs…
Most rapidly shortly after learning and then gradually declines over time
Which term defines “memory circuits in the brain that consist of complicated networks of nerve cells?”
Neuronal networks
What hormone does the pineal gland produce that helps synchronize the body’s sleep-wake cycle?
Melatonin
Delirium is…
A mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, difficulty in focusing attention, and excitable behavior
A stimulus that elicits an unlearned response is…
Unconditioned stimulus
The process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction is…
Reconditioning
The belief that forgetting is the result of the interference of memories with each other is…
Interference theory
What is the most common psychoactive drug used?
Nicotine
The process of converting short-term memory to long-term memory is…
Consolidation
Who conducted the Little Albert experiment?
John Watson
Who believed that human behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences?
B. F. Skinner
What kind of learning is done by observing and imitating the behavior of others?
Observational learning
What does the serial position effect explain?
The tendency to recall items at the start or end of a list better than those in the middle
What parts of the brain play a role in memory?
Amygdala
Thalamus
Hippocampus
What are the two types of meditation?
Transcendental and mindful
What does REM stand for?
Rapid eye movement
Who is attributed to the idea of spontaneous recovery?
Pavlov
