public speaking final Flashcards
what are the 3 supporting materials?
examples, statistics, testimony
what are the 3 types of examples?
- brief
- extended
- hypothetical
Statistics measures
mean, median, mode
tips for examples
clarify, reinforce, personalize ideas
make vivid/richly textured words
practice delivery to enhance
tips for statistics
use to qualify ideas
use sparingly
identify sources
explain thoroughly
round off
use visual aids
testimony
Quotations or paraphrases used to support your point
expert testimony
testimony from recognized experts
peer testimony
testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience, insight
out-of-context quote
Distorting statement by
removing words, and phrases around the quote.
denotative meaning of words
Literal, dictionary meaning of word or phrase
connotative meaning of words
Meaning suggested by associations or emotions
triggered by a word or phrase
imagery
Creating mental images of objects, actions, ideas
abstract words
References to general
concepts, qualities, attributes
concrete words
References to tangible
objects
rhythm
Pattern of sound created by
choice, arrangement of words
parallelism
A similar arrangement of pairs or series of related words, phrases, sentences
alliteration
Repeating initial consonant in
close or adjoining words
antithesis
Juxtaposition of ideas, usually in
parallel structure
methods of delivery
- Manuscript
- memory
- impromptu
- extemporaneous
conservational quality
Sounds spontaneous no matter
how often rehearsed
what are the different parts of a speaker’s voice
1.volume
2.pitch
3.rate
4.pauses
5.vocal variety
6.pronunciation
7.articulation
8.dialect
Kensics
Study of body motions as mode
of communication
what are the advantages of using a visual aid
1.clarity
2.interest
3.retention
4.credibility
5.persuasiveness
what are the different kids of visual aids?
1.objects & models
2.photos & drawings
3.graphs/charts
4.video
5.the speaker
6.presentation technology
what are the different kinds of graphs?
line, pie, bar graphs
Informative speeches topics
objects, processes, events, concepts
mental dialogue
Mental give & take between
speaker & listener
persuasive speech topics
question of fact, value, policy
question of policy
whether an action should be taken or not
3 questions of policy issues
- need
- plan
- practicallity
motivated sequence
Five-step sequence for speeches
that seek immediate action
5 steps of Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
- attention
- need
- satisfaction
- visualization
- action
methods of persuasion
- building credibility
- using evidence
- reasoning
- appealing to emotions
ethos definition
credibility
types of credibility
- initial
- derived
- terminal
logos definition
logical appeals
what are the types of reasoning
- specific instances
- principle
- casual
- analogical
specific instances definition
Moving from particular facts to
general conclusion
reasoning from principle definition
Moving from general principle
to specific conclusion
casual reasoning definition
Establishing relationship
between causes & effects
analogical reasoning
comparing two similar cases, what is true for the first case is also true for the second, cases must be essentially alike
the 10 fallacies
- Hasty Generalization
- false cause
- invalid analogy
- bandwagon
- red herring
- ad hominem
- either-or
- slippery slope
- appeal to tradition
- appeal to novelty
hasty generalization definition
Jumping to conclusion based on
insufficient evidence
false cause definition
Mistakenly assuming that because one event follows another, a first event causes
second
invalid analogy definition
two cases being compared not essentially alike
bandwagon definition
Because something is popular, it is good or correct
red herring definiton
Irrelevant issue diverting attention from actual subject
ad hominem definition
Attacking person rather than
dealing with real issue
either-or definition
Forcing choice between two
alternatives when more than
two exist
slippery slope definition
Assuming first step will lead to later steps that can’t be prevented
appeal to tradition definition
Assuming something old is
automatically better than new
appeal to novelty definition
Assuming something new is
automatically better than old
emotional appeals definition
Appeals intended to evoke
sadness, anger, happiness, pride, etc.
pathos definition
emotional appeal