Psych Mid term Flashcards by Gloria Lutsik

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

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What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

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What impact did Genie’s early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

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What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

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A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.

event

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From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

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Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

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Niaz’s car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

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Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

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Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn’t know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

availability heuristic

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Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.

a person’s unconscious

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Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

Wilhelm Wundt

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Behaviorists study ________.

learned behavior

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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil.

The word “evil” should be changed to the word “good.”

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Which of the following defines hypothesis?
a. tenative explanation
b. idea that proves a theory
c.means of explaining social phenomena
d. way of looking at the world

tentative explanation

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Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

scientific theory

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Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?
a. recognizing internal biases
b. making use of logical thinking
c. maintaining an attitude of skepticism
d.knowing your opinion is correct

knowing your opinion is correct

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A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

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Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________.

thinking critically

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Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?

Male bias exists in science.

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The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

between –1 and +1

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An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

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An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test’s results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.

high; low

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Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?

They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured.

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Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation? A. +0.9 B. +0.2 C. 0 D. -0.9

B: +0.2

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time.

longitudinal

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

quasi-experimental

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

_______ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5–20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? a. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog b. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes c. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons d. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

d: remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? a. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work b. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June c. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets d. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

c: Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream’s content.

lucid

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? a. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD. b. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. c. Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. d. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity.

a. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he’s done studying, he finds that he can’t sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

caffeine

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS? a. premature birth b. smoking in the home c. above average birth weight d. hyperthermia

above average birth weight

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

intrusion

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells “the man with the blue shirt did it.” Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.

meditation

Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.

Type A

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?

coping

Which of the following is an example of eustress? A. getting a divorce B. losing a job C. training for a marathon D. recovering from a car accident

C. training for a marathon

Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism?

Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.

Which of the following is an example of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome? a. Betty steps down as class treasurer her senior year because she needs to focus on her grades. b. Latricia has been lost in the woods for days. After such a long period of anxiety and fear, Latricia collapses by a tree. c. Nanette stays up all night to study for her math test. d. Burt is determined to learn how to play chess, so he spends all his time reading chess books.

B. Latricia has been lost in the woods for days. After such a long period of anxiety and fear, Latricia collapses by a tree.

How can a study that involves exposing people to live viruses demonstrate a link between stress and impaired immune function?

Stress weakens the immune system, so people with high stress levels should be more likely to get sick.

Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease?

Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease.

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress: He immediately uses the Internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?

problem focused

Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact

physiological

What is a clinical/case study?

1. Focuses on 1 individual 2. studies extreme, unique psychological circumstances.

What is a naturalistic Observation?

1. Observation of behavior in it's natural setting 2. accurate information, but can be effected by observer bias.

Longitudial research

Studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed repeatedly over an extended period of time

cross-sectional Research

Compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

Correlational Research

1. Never explains cuasation 2. relationship between 2 or more varia

Positive correlation:

When 2 variables change in the same direction, as one increases, the other also increaseseg

Negative Correlation

As one increases the other decreases

Experiment

The only way to establish a cause-effect relationship between 2 variables is to conduct scientific experiment

Reliability

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

Validity

Accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

Institutional Review Board

Committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that review proposals for research involving people

Reflexes

Motor/neutral reactions to a specific stimulus

Insticts:

Behaviors triggered by a broader range of events

Learning

relatively permanent change in behavior/knowledge that results from experience involves acquiring skills/knowledge through experience involves conscious and unconscious processes.

Associative learning

when organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Aquisition

the initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

Decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS

Spontaneous recovery

the return of a previously extinct conditioned response following a rest period

Positive Reinforcement

to add something good/bad to increase a behavior

Negative reinforcement

To remove something good/bad to increase a behavior

Positive punishment

To add something good/bad to decrease a behavior

Negative punishment

to remove something good/bad to decrease a behavior

continuous reinforcement

when organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior

partial reinforcement

organism doesn't get reinforced every time they display the desired behavior

fixed interval

delivered at predictable time intervals

variable interval

delievered at unpredictable time intervals

fixed ratio

delivered after an unpredictable number of responses.

what are the steps in the Modeling process?

1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Reproduction 4. motivation

manifest content

the actual content of the dream

latent content

the hidden meaning of the dream

physiological dependence

involves change in normal bodily functions and withdrawal upon cessation of use

Psychological dependence

emotional need for the drug

tolerance

occurs when a person requires more and more of drugs to achieve the effects previously experienced.

Depressant examples

alcohol, anti-convulsant medication, anti-anxiety medication,

Stimulant examples

cocaine, amphetamine, cathinones

Opioids

heroine, morphine, methadone, codeine

hallucinogens

mescaline, LSD, PCP, ketamine

sematic encoding

encoding of words and their meanings

visual encoding

encoding of images

acoustic encoding

encoding of sounds

Sensory Memory

stored for a couple seconds first stage of processing stimuli

Short-term (working) Memory

stored for about 20 seconds and up to 7 items (+/-2)

Long-term Memory (explicit(

memories of facts and events we can conciously remember and recall/declare

Long-term Memory (implicit)

Memories that aren't part of our consciousness

Forgetting type of memory errors

transience, absentmindedness, blocking

distortion type of memory errors

misattribution, suggestibility, bias

Intrusion type of memory errors

inability to forget undesirable memories