psych final Flashcards
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________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
a. sensation; perception
b.perception; sensation
c.preception; postception
d.perception; reception
b. perception; sensation
Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?
afterimage
Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ________.
their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?
cones
Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.
since birth
What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.
inattentional blindness
________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.
a.higher; louder
b.lower; louder
c.higher; weaker
d.higher; quieter
a. Higher; louder
Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.
adaptation
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.
transduction
Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.
motivation
Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.
moro reflex
It is hard to tell how Guy’s father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy’s needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?
resistant
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, “Look mommy, apples!” His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.
accommodation
Carissa’s parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
permissive
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
attachment
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
zygote
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
a.Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels.
b.Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries.
c.Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
d.Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower.
c.Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
Adolescents (ages 12–18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
identity vs. confusion
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn’t care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
aviodant
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?
moving against people
Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
denial
The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person’s unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.
Rorschach
Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.
an internal locus of control
Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
Karen Horney
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.
Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?
Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.
Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn’t get the internship because the manager didn’t like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.
an external locus of control
Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.
introvert
Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?
a.retroactive period
b.plateu
c.refractory period
d.resolution
c. refractory period
Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change?
set point
According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list.
achievement
Drive theory states that deviations from ________ create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.
homeostasis
If you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then you have a sense of ________, and you are more likely to enter the hot dog eating competition.
self-efficacy
________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.
anorexia nervosa
Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa?
a. Anorexia is associated with binge eating, and bulimia is associated with starvation.
b.More men than women suffer from bulimia.
c.Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.
d. More men than women suffer from anorexia.
Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.
A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.
a.dysphoria; dysmorphia
b. orientation; hormone
c.mood; emotion
d.emotion;mood
d. emotion; mood
Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?
a.dating an abusive partner because you believe you don’t deserve good treatment
b.babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents’ approval
c.mowing your elderly neighbor’s lawn because you believe it is the right thing to do
d.jerking your hand back from a hot burner
b. babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents’ approval
In the following sentence, identify the extrinsic motivation. Kit, who lives with her father, maintains a 3.5 grade average in order to keep her phone, visits her mother every weekend because she wants to, and joins the high school basketball team because she enjoys the sport.
maintaining a 3.5 grade average
What is the just-world hypothesis?
an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve
Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________.
consummate
Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?
a.being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting
b. being raised Jewish
c.being raised to think that stealing is morally wrong
d.hitting someone in the dark
being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting
What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior because
Dale thinks that women shouldn’t work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale’s attitudes and planned course of action are ________.
sexist
Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?
a.supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking
b.anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use
c.anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year
d.getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?
a.Akbar avoids gambling, but he observes Barnaby gambling and tries to stop him.
b.Akbar believes gambling is bad, but he continues to gamble anyway.
c.Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
d.Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because he has an addictive personality, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
c.Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese.
bystander effect
If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potato chips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approach is that person using to explain attitude change?
peripheral route persuasion
Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups?
a. keeping intergroup contact to a minimum
b. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task
c. having highly educated members of one group teach the children of the other group
d. assigning one group to supervise the other group in completing an assigned task
b. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task
Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
psychodynamic psychotherapy
Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, “everyone makes mistakes sometimes,” he thinks, “I am so stupid.” What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
overgeneralization
Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?
active listening
Grace is talking with her wife, Myanna. Myanna starts crying, and Grace immediately assumes that Myanna wants a divorce. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
jumping to conclusions
In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla’s therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Exposure therapy is a ________ technique.
counterconditioning
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Carl Rogers believed most of our psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood, and he believed psychoanalysis would help uncover long-buried feelings.
The name “Carl Rogers” should be changed to the name “Sigmund Freud.”
Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?
How you think determines how you feel
Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
cognitive therapy
What did a 2006 special report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) suggest about the amount of mental illness in the criminal justice system?
People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations.
