Public Speaking Final Flashcards
What is ethnocentrism?
The belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
What is a listener’s frame of reference?
The listener receives the message. The frame of reference is the total or their knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitude.
Define the different types of poor listening.
- focusing on appearance and delivery
- Jumping to conclusions
- Listening too hard
- Not concentrating (spare brain time)
What is the first thing that should come out of
your mouth when presenting a speech? (The
very first thing you should say.)
A greeting or attention grabber
Different types of speech organization
Chronological Order
Spatial Order
Causal Order
Problem Solution Order
Topical Order
What are the guidelines for your specific
purpose statement?
- Write as a full infinitive phrase
- Express as a statement, not as a question
- Avoid figurative language
- Limit to one distinct idea
- Avoid being too vague or general
What are the guidelines for your thesis
statement/central idea?
- Express as a full sentence
- Do not express as a question
- Avoid figurative language
- Do not be vague or overly general
What demographics should you consider when
analyzing the audience?
- identifying the general demographic features of your audience
- gauging the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation
Why is it important to establish your credibility
with the audience in the introduction?
To show you can be trusted
What is a call or appeal to action?
When the speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action ton support of a given policy
What is the difference between a simile and a
metaphor?
Simile uses the words “like” or “as” between things essentially different
Metaphor does NOT use “like” or “as” to introduce 2 things that are essentially different yet have something in common
What is problem-cause-solution order?
an organization method in persuasive speeches where the first point identifies a problem, the second point analyzes the cause, and the third point presents a solution
Types of special occasion speeches
Speeches to entertain: Toasts, roasts, after dinner speeches
Speeches of celebration: Weddings, award banquets, retirements
Speeches or inspiration: conventions, accepting an award
Speeches to Commemorate: Veteran’s day, to remember someone or something special
Eulogies: to give information about the life of the deceased
What is the purpose of a special occasion
speech?
they are the punctuation marks of day to day life marking something outside of ordinary routine
What traits should an acceptance speech have?
brevity, humility, and graciousness
What is ethos?
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students refer to as credibility
Is it possible to be credible with one audience
but not another? Why?
credibility is an attitude which exists in the audience and not the speaker. you make have more credibility in one topic over another
Logos is comprised of what two things?
evidence and reasoning
What newspapers are considered the most
credible in the United States? Name the top four.
Time, Atlantic, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal
Why are biased or self-interested sources less
credible than unbiased sources?
Listeners are suspicious of biased or self interested sources. Listeners want competent, credible sources
Should you state your evidence and then explain
to the audience what that evidence is meant to
prove?
You should state your claims first and have evidence to back it up
Define hasty generalization,
a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
Define bandwagon fallacy
assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
Define slippery slope fallacy
assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
Define ad hominem fallacy
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
Define either-or fallacy
a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two exist
Define the appeal to tradition fallacy
when is assumes something old is automatically better than something new
What is pathos?
The name Aristotle gave for what modern students call emotional appeal
How many times should you practice your
speech? Should you practice all on one day or
spread it out over a number of days?
you should practice more than a couple days in advance and practice until you feel confident
Is the question and answer section of a speech
important? How much impact can it have on the
audience? What are the risks of question and
answer sections?
it is often the final word and leaves a lasting impression on the audience the risks can be dragging on the answer to a question for too long
If a questioner is hostile with you, is it fair to
reciprocate the hostility?
“keep your cool”
What should you do if you do not know the
answer to a question? What should you not do?
How to give a persuasive speech presentation
Don’t apologize or evade but offer to get the answer after as soon as possible after the speech
If you know what a word means, is it safe to
assume all audience members do as well? Ch.
No, short and sharp words will do the job better
When JFK says, “Ask not what your country can
do for you—ask what you can do for your
country” he is using what?
Antithesis
How does repetition lead to parallelism?
the use of the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
Are extended metaphors useful in a speech?
What speaker made heavy use of metaphors?
Martin Luther King Jr
In this day and age, should we still worry about
being politically correct when speaking? Why or
why not?
Yes, it is about political courtesy
Why is using inclusive language important?
audiences expect speakers to use inclusive language that is respectful of the different groups that make up society
Is it acceptable to do whatever it takes to
persuade your audience, even if it means using
overhyped or offensive rhetoric? Is it ethical?
Why or why not?
Emotional appeal is usually inappropriate in a persuasion speech on question of fact. You should never substitute emotion for fact. Never result to name calling or other forms of abusive language. Goals must be ethically sound.
Do you have to agree with someone to
like/respect them?
No, but you must remain respectful and adapt your message to the values and expectations of the audience
What does the First Amendment cover? What
does it not cover?
The freedom of speech and free expression is covered what is not covered is defamatory falsehoods, threats against the presidents life, inciting and audience to take illegal action
Is disagreement with a person’s ideas enough to
justify taking away their right of expression?
No, this usually ends up repressing minority viewpoints
Why is it a problem that people just wait their
turn to talk while in a conversation?
it blocks effective communication and understanding between individuals
At what rate can your brain process speech? At
what rate can a human being speak?
the brain can process 400 - 500 words a minute with the average rate of speech being 120 - 180 words a minute
What does it mean to suspend judgment?
to hear people out before reaching final judgement
As an audience member, is it acceptable to shut
down when you realize a speech is over a position with which you disagree? Why or why
not?
no you should listen to their ideas and examine their evidence then make up you mind
What appeal should a persuasive speech be built
upon?
logos
How is understanding both sides of an issue
linked to credibility in a persuasive speech?
it shows that the speaker did their research and is understanding of the counterclaim they’re disagreeing with
What type of speech is the crown jewel of public
speaking? Why?
persuasive speech because it has the power to inspire and bring people together
Is a persuasive speech a failure if the audience is
not strongly in favor of the speaker’s position
by the end? Why or why not?
no, it just means you probably need to tailor your message and values more towards your target audience
What is more difficult? Getting your audience to
passively agree with you or actually change their
actions?
change their actions
Define burden of proof
the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change n current policy is necessary
Define Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. the five steps are:
1. Attention
2. Need
3. Satisfaction
4. Visualization
5. Action
Are pauses in a speech ever acceptable? Why or
why not?
Yes, it can signal the end of a thought, give time for an idea to sink in, and lend dramatic impact
Is it easier to understand complicated
information when the speaker speaks quickly or
slowly?
There is no uniform rate for effective speech making. It depends on vocal attributes of the speaker, the mood they’re trying to create, or the composition or type of speech given
You should always speak more slowly and
____________ than you think you need to.
* Define dialect
Deliberately
Dialect - a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
How is a speaker’s diction (word choice) linked
to credibility? What type of word choice can be
a turn off to the audience?
Use concrete words that are easy to digest and understand. this ensures understanding on your topic from the audience
How are body language and credibility linked?
you are seen as more credible if you act and posture confidently. faster speakers and people who use vocal variety are seen as more credible
How do people in the US feel about eye contact?
the US is big on eye contact if the speaker does not make eye contact they are seen as insincere or dishonest.
What would be harmed or reduced if you
presented a conspiracy theory as a fact in a
speech?
credibility
Why is it important to make the time limit for
your speech? Are time limits important outside
of the speech class?
So the audience doesn’t become bored and dwindle off
Why is eye contact still important even when
using a visual aid?
to produce a connection
Photos of a dehorned rhino would be a visual
example of what rhetorical appeal?
pathos
