Chapter 17

Question 1

Ethos

Answer 1

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

Question 2

Credibility

Answer 2

The audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker’s credibility are competence and character.

Question 3

Initial Credibility

Answer 3

The credibility of the speaker before he or she speaks.

Question 4

Derived Credibility

Answer 4

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything they do or say during the speech.

Question 5

Terminal Credibility

Answer 5

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

Question 6

Creating Common Ground

Answer 6

A technique in which a speaker connects with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

Question 7

Evidence

Answer 7

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

Question 8

Logos

Answer 8

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of the speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Question 9

Reasoning

Answer 9

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Question 10

Reasoning from Specific Instances

Answer 10

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to general conclusion.

Question 11

Reasoning from Principle

Answer 11

Reasoning that moves from general principle to a specific conclusion.

Question 12

Casual Reasoning

Answer 12

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Question 13

Analogical Reasoning

Answer 13

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Question 14

Fallacy

Answer 14

An error in reasoning.

Question 15

Hasty Generalization

Answer 15

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

Question 16

False Cause

Answer 16

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

Question 17

Invalid Analogy

Answer 17

An analogy in which two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

Question 18

Bandwagon

Answer 18

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Question 19

Red Herring

Answer 19

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

Question 20

Ad Hominem

Answer 20

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue dispute.

Question 21

Either - Or

Answer 21

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Question 22

Slippery Slope

Answer 22

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Question 23

Appeal to Tradition

Answer 23

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Question 24

Appeal to Novelty

Answer 24

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Question 25

Pathos

Answer 25

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication call emotional appeal.