Public Health and Public Health promotion

Question 1

What are the aims of public health?

Answer 1

preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society

- Health improvement 
- Health protection 
- Health services

Question 2

What are indicators of health?

Answer 2

1. Health behaviours
2. Clinical care
3. Social and economic factors
4. Physical environment
   • Life expectancy
   • Causes of death
   • Systolic BP
   • Serum Cholestrol
   • Smoking
   • Obesity
   • Socioeconomic class
   • Adult Drinking Patterns

see notes

Question 3

What are examples of health promotion initiatives?

Answer 3

Otowa Charter, Jarkarta Declaration, Bangkok Charter

Question 4

What is the aim of health promotion initiatives?

Answer 4

• Enable people to increase control to improve their health
• Action towards social, economic, environmental condition
• Strenghten skills and capabilities

Question 5

What do health promotion initiatives have to take into account?

Answer 5

• Definition of health
• Scope of prevention
• Health service limitation
• Roles of individuals, groups, governments

Question 6

How can one help promote health?

Answer 6

1. Clinical intervention
2. Knowledge transfer and health literacy
3. Public Health policy
4. Community development
   Clinical intervention

Question 7

What are the levels of disease prevention?

Answer 7

1. Primordial
   lifestyles, behaviours, exposure patterns which contribute to increased risk of disease.
2. Primary
   prevent the onset of disease
3. Secondary
   halt progression once the illness is already established
4. Tertiary
   rehabilitation of people with established disease to minimise residual disability and complications

Question 8

What is the high risk approach?

Answer 8

• Identify thiose need target rescue operation and controlling exposure
• Provide protection against effect of exposure
• Screen amonf certain ethnic groups for specific disorder

Question 9

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the high risk approach?

Answer 9

Pros:

- Effective
- Efficient
- Benefit: risk high 
- Apprporiate to individual 
- Easy to evaulte

Cons:

- Palliative and temproary
- Reisk prediction not accurate
- Difficulty and cost of screening
- Hard to change individual behaviours

Question 10

What is the population approach?

Answer 10

Recognition of occurence of common disease and that eposure reflects society as whole

Question 11

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the population approach?

Answer 11

Pros:

- Equitible
- Radical 
- Large potentional for population 
- Behaviourally appropriate

Cons

- Small advantage to individual 
- Poor motivation of subject
- Poor motivation of physician 
- Benefit risk ration questionable

Question 12

What is the prevention paradox?

Answer 12

• Many people at small risk may generate more cases than small number at high risk
• Many people receving small benefit total benefit may be large
• Individual inconvenience may be high, but benefit only few

Question 13

Describe the pyramid of interventions

Answer 13

see notes

Question 14

What do the Wanless documents state (1 and 2)

Answer 14

Wanless 1, 2 and 3
The Disease Burden
Focus on prevention and the wider determinants of health
Cost-effectiveness of actions to improve health and reduce inequalities

Question 15

What does the Marmot review state?

Answer 15

• Give every child the best start in life
• Enable all children, young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their lives
• Create fair employment and good work for all
• Ensure a healthy standard of living for all
• Create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities
• Strengthen the role and impact of ill health prevention

Question 16

Give 5 public health initiatives in England

Answer 16

Smoking Cessation
Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy
Sexual Health – National Chlamydia Screening Programme
Tackling Teenage Pregnancy
Tackling obesity
Immunisation Programmes

Question 17

what is health promotion?

Answer 17

process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.

(Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, WHO. Geneva, 1986)

Question 18

where can health promotion operate?

Answer 18

Internationally
Nationally (government, advertising, media)
Locally (GP, hospitals, Local Authority, Police, Schools etc)
Individually (support groups, neighbourhood schemes, communities)