Key challenges to medicine and infectious diseases

Question 1

What are the aims of medicine?

Answer 1

1. Longeivty
2. Life free of disease or disability
3. Quality of life

Question 2

What are major influencers of health?

Answer 2

• Population growth
• Ageing population (causes incidence of new diseases)
• Technological advances

Question 3

What is the burden of disease?

Answer 3

• some more suceptible than other
• Analyse ilness at cell level
• Magnitude of disease

Question 4

What are most diseases related to?

Answer 4

• food we eat
• How we process it
• When and where we eat

Question 5

What is ageing associated with?

Answer 5

• Higher incidence of neurodegenrative ilnesses (Cannot access brain biopsy so difficult area of resource)
• More chronic diseases

Question 6

What is obesity associated with?

Answer 6

• pollution stress and diet can change DNA
• Most diseases linked to obesity
• Population vs individual management
• Increased risk of many cancers

Question 7

What is the role of technology in medicine?

Answer 7

• Remote controlled microrobots used in modern medicine
• Benefits and risks
• Population and individual acess to knowledge
• Artificial intelliegence diagnosis and treatment

Question 8

What are the challenges in medicine?

Answer 8

• Shortage of health professionals
• Competencies (quality and safety)
• Curriculum development (education and training)
• Multidisciplinary team/skills (transferable/change)

Question 9

What are new targetted therapies?

Answer 9

• Blocking cancer cell growth by interfering with specific molecules needed for carcinogenesis and tumour growth
• New treatmenets about activating and inhibiting receptors on T-cells
• Can we trust reseach findings: perhaps half of findings may be untrue
• Must master information technology

Question 10

What are 90% of deaths from infectious diseases from?

Answer 10

• Lower respiratory tract infectiouns
• HIV/AIDS
• DIarrheaol diseases
• TB
• Malaria
• Measles

Question 11

What is generational time?

Answer 11

time from when female gives birth to when gives birth herself

Question 12

What is age standardised death rate?

Answer 12

measure how many people die each year and why - assess country’s health system

Question 13

What are examples of homogenous pathogens?

Answer 13

Measles, mumps, rubella

Question 14

What are examples of heterogenous pathogens?

Answer 14

HIV, malaria

Question 15

Where do human infections originate from?

Answer 15

1. Inherited from ancestors
2. Acquired from wild life
3. Acquired from livestock
   
   • Zoonotic account for 60-70%

Question 16

What are current notable infectious diseases

Answer 16

SARS China 2003:

• Originated from bats
• Solved by isolation quarentine

Zika 2016

• 1st trimester microcephaly risk 1%
• 2nd and 3rd risk negligible
• Risk in Guillian Barre syndrome in adults 4/100,000
• Has clear demonstration of sexual transmission

MMR Europe

• Measles resurgance due to lowere vaccination rates
• More than 41,000 reported cases in EU in 6 months to June 2018 (almost double all of 2017)

West Nile Virus 
HIV
Malaria
MERS
Ebola 2014-2015