Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What ar the 5 ways in which infection can be spread?

A

InhalationIngestionInoculation (direct and indirect)Mother to InfantIntercourse(some things can be spread by more than 1 I)

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2
Q

What is direct inoculation?

A

Skin or mucous membrane comes into contact with the skin or mucous membrane of an infected person

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3
Q

What is indirect inoculation?

A

Skin or mucous membrane comes into contact with a contaminated surface

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4
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A

Pathogenic microorganism - reservoir - means of escape - mode of transmission - means of entry - host susceptibility *breaking the chain at any point interrupts transmission

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5
Q

Where is the reservoir of ebola?

A

Fruit bats in africa

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6
Q

What are the 2 categories of control of infection precautions and what do they mean?

A

Standard (all patients all the time)Transmission based (added on for known suspected infection)

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of transmission based precautions?

A

Contact precautionsDroplet precautionsAirborne precautions

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8
Q

What are the 10 standard control of infection precautions?

A

Hand hygieneSharps managementClinical wastePPEPatient placementBody fluid spillagesEnvironmental cleanlinessClean equipmentLaundryRespiratory etiquette

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9
Q

What are WHOs 5 moments of hand hygiene?

A

Before patient contactBefore aseptic taskAfter body fluid exposure riskAfter patient contactAfter contact with patient surroundings

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10
Q

What enzyme do you swab for that gives a general indication of hygiene?

A

ATP

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11
Q

What transmission based precautions are taken for infection spread via either ingestion or inoculation?

A

Contact

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12
Q

What transmission based precaution is taken for infection spread via inhalation droplet?

A

Droplet precautions

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13
Q

What transmission based precaution is taken for infection spread via inhalation airborne?

A

Airborne

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14
Q

Types of contact precautions?What infections for example are these used for?

A

GlovesApronSingle room or cohort bayMRSAC. diffNorovirus

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15
Q

Type of droplet precautions?Example of infection this is used for?

A

Single roomEnsuite toilet/ showerGlovesApronMask (surgical big drops)Eye protectionVaccination where availableInfluenza

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16
Q

Types of airborne precautions?Example of infections it is used for?

A

Negative pressure roomGown, gloves, apron, eye protectionFFP3 mask (filter mask)Vaccination where availableMeaslesChickenpox

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17
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of disease in populations

18
Q

Is there a vaccine for HIV?

19
Q

What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?

A

Mortality refers to the number of people who have died in a population where as morbidity refers to the number of people who are diseased

20
Q

Equation for mortality rate?

A

No of deaths / population at risk X 1000

21
Q

What is the crude death rate?

A

Mortality rate for the whole population

22
Q

What does the standardised mortality rate do?

A

Compares the expected rate with the observed rate

23
Q

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

A

Incidence is the number of new cases diagnosed in a population where as prevalence refers to the number of people in a population who have the disease at a set time

24
Q

Incidence rate equation?

A

Number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specific period time / number of persons exposed to risk of developing the disease during that period of time (usually expressed per 1,000)

25
Prevalence rate equation?
Number of cases of a disease present in a population at a specific point in time / number of persons at risk of having the disease at a point in time (usually expressed per 1,000)
26
What are the 3 dimensions of wellbeing?
EmotionalSocialPsychological
27
What are the 2 manifestations of protein energy malnutrition?
Kwashiorkor (oedema) - lack of high-quality proteinMarasmus (low weight/ wasting) - caused by a diet low in both protein and calories
28
Manifestation of vitamin A deficiency? (2)
BlindnessIncreased severity of diarrhoea and infection
29
Manifestation of iodine deficiency?
Poor cognitive development
30
Manifestation of iron deficiency? (3)
Anaemia, poor cognitive development, increased susceptibility to infection
31
Manifestation of zinc deficiency? (2)
Growth failureIncreased severity of diarrhoea
32
Manifestation of vitamin B1 deficiency? (2)
Peripheral nerves affectedEncephalopathy
33
Manifestation of vitamin B2 deficiency (3)
AnaemiaSores around mouthRed and cracked lips
34
Manifestation of vitamin B3 deficiency? (3)
DermatitisDiarrhoeaDementia
35
Manifestation of folate deficiency?
Anaemia
36
Manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency? (2)
AnaemiaNeuropathy
37
Manifestation of vitamin C deficiency? (4)
Bleeding gumsCoiled hairBruisingScurvy
38
Manifestation of vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets
39
What are the 10 cancers related to body fat?
OesophagusPancreasOvaryGallbladderColorectalBreastEndometriumKidneyLiver Prostate
40
What does the Healthy Start Scheme provide?
Vitamin supplements and vouchers to buy fruit and veg to pregnant women less than 18 and on benefits - continues until the child is 4