Pharmacology 4 - Elementary drug metabolism Flashcards
What most drugs leave the body in?Where else are drugs excreted via? (3)
Urine (excretion via the bile is occasionally significant + minor contributions via exertion via the sweat or milk)
What kind of molecule must drugs be to be excreted by the body? Why?
PolarSo that they can be regularly reabsorbed by the kidney facilitating excretion
What is a xenobiotic?
A foreign chemical substance that is found within an organism that is not naturally produced by or expected to be present within that organism
What does metabolism usually do in terms of rendering the activity of the drug?What are 3 other things that metabolism less rarely does to drug activity?
Usually make the drug less pharmacologically activeConverts them from inactive to active compounds or gain activityHave unchanged activityPossess a different type, or spectrum of action
What is an example of a drug that gains activity during metabolism?
Codeine to morphine
What is an example of a drug that has unchanged activity after metabolism?
Diazepam to nordiazepam
What is an example of a drug that possess a different type, or spectrum, of action after metabolism?
Aspirin (anti-inflammatory and andti-platelet) to salicylic acid (anti-inflammatory with no anti-playlet activity)
What is the main organ of drug metabolism?What other places have metabolism activity? (3)
LiverGI tracyLungsPlasma
How many steps does drug metabolism usually have?
2 sequential steps
What is the purpose of phase 1 drug metabolism?
To make the drug more polar and also to add a chemical “handle” permitting conjugation during phase 2
What are the 3 things involved in phase 1 drug metabolism?
OxidationReductionHydrolysis
What is the purpose of phase 2 drug metabolism?
To add an endogenous compound increasing polarity for excretion
What is the 1 thing involved in phase 2 drug metabolism?
Conjugation(some drugs skip straight to phase 2 whilst some drugs are excreted unchanged)
What are examples of the chemicals that are drugs are conjugated with during phase 2 drug metabolism?
GlucuronylSulphateMethylAcetyl
What are the 2 phases of drug metabolism of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)?
Aspirin is converted to salicylic acid (OH added) before being converted to the conjugate (glucuronide) during phase 2
What are the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of monooxygenases?
Haem porteins located in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver hepatocytes (and elsewhere) mediating oxidation reaction (phase 1) of many lipid soluble drugs
How many gene families is the Cytochrome P450 family of monooxygenases made up of?
74 gene families - it is a superfamily