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1st Year - Principles > Anatomy 15 - Renal > Flashcards

Anatomy 15 - Renal Flashcards

1
Q

7 essential functions of the kidneys?

A

Blood pH control H2O balanceElectrolyte balanceBlood pressure controlMetabolism of waste products and drugsStimulates RBC production (due to hormone produced by kidney)Required for absorption of calcium from the GI tract

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2
Q

What are the 4 parts of the urinary tract?

A

KidneyUreterBladderUrethra

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3
Q

What epithelium are the tubes from the ureter to upper urethra lined with? Other name?

A

Transitional epithelium (also known as urothelium)

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4
Q

What epithelium covers the distal urethra?

A

Protective stratified squamous mucosa

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5
Q

What are the parts of the upper urinary tract?

A

the kidneysThe ureters

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6
Q

Lower urinary tract?

A

BladderUrethra

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7
Q

What 3 bodies regions is the urinary tract located in?

A

AbdomenPelvisPerineum

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8
Q

What ribs protect the kidneys?

A

11 and 12

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9
Q

What type of fat protects the kidneys? (2)

A

Paranephric fatPerenephric fat

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10
Q

What kidney lies higher?Why?

A

LeftLiver pushes down right kidney

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11
Q

What is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney called?

A

The renal capsule

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12
Q

Why does the kidneys move with respiration?

A

The liver and spleen lie in contact with diaphragm superiorly and the superior poles of the kidneys inferiorly

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13
Q

What vertebrae levels does the right and left kidneys lie alongside?

A

Right = L1-L3Left = T12 - L2

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14
Q

What are the 3 structures present in the renal hilum?

A

Right renal arteryRight renal veinRight ureter

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15
Q

What is more deep, the paranephric fat or perinephric fat?

A

Perinephric fat (separated from the paranephric fat by the renal (deep) fascia

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16
Q

What provides arterial blood supply to the kidneys?

A

Renal arteries (branch bilaterally from the aorta)

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17
Q

What provides arterial blood to the ureters?

A

Multiples arterial branches from the renal arteries, gonadal arteries and aorta

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18
Q

What is the venous drainage from the kidneys?

A

Right and left renal vein which drain to the IVC

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19
Q

Where does the left gonadal vein drain?Where does the right gonadal vein drain?

A

Left trains into the left renal veinRight drains into the IVC directly

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20
Q

How many segments does each kidney have?

A

5

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21
Q

What provides a blood supply to each of the 5 segments of the kidney?

A

The 5 segmental branches which arise from each renal artery

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22
Q

What is the basic structural and functional units of the kidney?

A

Nephrons

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23
Q

What are the 2 main anatomical parts of the kidney?

A

Outer cortexInner medulla

24
Q

How many pyramids does the human medulla contain?

A

27 (each pyramid contains around 50,000 nephrons)

25
Q

How are the nephrons arranged in the pyramids?

A

Regularly arranged, running axially towards the apex of each pyramid = striped appearance of pyramids

26
Q

What is the first part of the nephron called?What does this do?

A

The glomerulusUltrafiltration of the blood arriving via the branches of the renal artery

27
Q

What is the next part of the nephron after the glomerulus?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

28
Q

What is the next part of the nephron after the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Loose of henle

29
Q

What is the next part of the nephron after the loop of henle?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

30
Q

Where does the filtrate drain after the distal convoluted tubule?

A

The collecting duct

31
Q

What is the purpose of the collecting duct?

A

Passes through the pyramid to drain the modified filtrate into the minor calyx as urine?

32
Q

When is the filtrate from the nephron known as urine?

A

Once it passes into the minor calyx

33
Q

Where does the urine drain to between the nephrons and the ureter?

A

collecting duct -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

34
Q

The diameter of the urine drainage tubes increases, when is there a constriction?

A

At the pelvicureteric junction (the wider renal pelvis becomes the narrower ureter)

35
Q

What are the 3 anatomical sites of ureteric constriction?

A

Pelviureteric junction As the ureter crosses the anterior aspect of the common iliac arteryAt the ureteric orifice (opening into posterior surface of the bladder)

36
Q

What can renal calculi (stones) form from?

A

Urine calcium salts (can obstruct the urinary tract from within - usually visible on x-rays)

37
Q

What does the urinary tract do when there is a ureteric obstruction?

A

As the ureter has smooth muscle in its walls, the urinary tract’s response is therefore the same as the GI tracts - it increases peristalsis proximal tot he site of the obstruction in an attempt to flush it into the bladder (obstruction can either be internal or external)

38
Q

What is the scientific name for peeing?

A

Micturation

39
Q

Where is the trigone located?

A

On the floor of the bladder between the bilateral ureteric and midline urethral orifices

40
Q

What type of epithelium lines the bladder?

A

The urothelium

41
Q

What happens as the bladder fills?

A

The apex rises and the trigone does not stretch or move (helps to prevent the obstruction of the orifices)

42
Q

What muscle is located within the walls of the bladder?Smooth/ skeletal?Purpose?

A

The detrusorSmoothContracts ti void during micturition

43
Q

What bladder sphincter is present in females?Involuntary/ voluntary

A

Detrusor muscle fibres (encircle the ureteric orifices to prevent reflux of urine into the ureters during micturitionInvoluntary

44
Q

what bladder sphincters are present in males?Voluntary/ involuntary?

A

Detrusor muscle fibres encircle the ureteric orifices (like in females)Detrusor muscle fibres also encircle the bladder neck (this internal urethral sphincter prevents ejaculatory reflux - located within the bladder neck from detrusor muscle fibres circling it - only present in malesInvoluntary (both)

45
Q

What is the part of the urethra that passes through the penis called?

A

The spongy urethra

46
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter present in males?Voluntary/ involuntary?Made from?

A

Inferior to the prostate glandVoluntarySkeletal muscle circularly arranged around the urethra

47
Q

What conditions of the prostate can lead to urinary retention?How?

A

Benign or malignant enlargement of the prostate glandBy obstructing the prostatic urethra

48
Q

Where can the apex of a full bladder reach?

A

The umbilical level

49
Q

What are the 2 types of catheters that can be used to urinary retention?

A

Suprapubic catheterUrinary catheter

50
Q

Where is a suprapubic catheter inserted?

A

Into the bladder via the anterior abdominal wall

51
Q

Where is a urinary catheter inserted?

A

Into the bladder via the urethra (inflated balloon “cuff” holds it int the bladder)

52
Q

what is the name of the urethral sphincter present in females?Voluntary/ involuntary?Made up of?

A

External urethral sphincter Voluntary Skeletal muscle circularly arranged around urethra

53
Q

Are males or females more likely to get UTIs?

A

Females(much easier to catheterise than males however)

54
Q

What does an obstruction within the urinary tract cause?

A

Urine to “back up” in the tract toward the kidneys

55
Q

If there is an obstruction within the urinary tract, when will urine produce stop?

A

When the pressure within he urinary tract exceeds the pressure favouring filtration at the glomerulus

56
Q

What is renal failure/

A

failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urine

1st Year - Principles (37 decks)

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