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1st Year - Principles > Anatomy 10 and 11 - GI > Flashcards

Anatomy 10 and 11 - GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is the GI tract lined by?

A

Mucosa

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the pharynx (3)?

A

Defence against infection (tonsils)
Swallowing
Airway protection

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3
Q

What is the dividing point between the upper and lower GI tracts

A

Small intestines = upper

Caecum = lower

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4
Q

Parts of the large intestine?

A 
Appendix
Caecum
Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
Rectum
Anal canal
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5
Q

What is there to protect us against sharp or excessively hot/cold substances

A

General sensory receptors

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6
Q

What prevents things becoming obstructed in the upper GI tract? (4)

A

Chewing
Lubrication
Swallowing
Peristalsis

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7
Q

What bones is the hard palate composed of?

A

The maxilla and palatine bones

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8
Q

At what joint does jaw opening and closing occur?What are these joints between?

A

The temperomandibular jointssynovial joints between the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone and the condylar process of the mandible

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9
Q

4 muscles of mastication

A

Masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

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10
Q

What muscle produces an anterior oral seal preventing dribbling

A

Orbiculrais oris

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11
Q

In the oral cavity, what is the mucosa lined with?What in the mouth has surface keratin?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (for its protection)

Gingivae and hard palate (for protection during chewing)

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12
Q

General sensations of the oral cavity (4) and special sensation?

A 
Pain
Temperature
touch
proprioception
Taste
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13
Q

How many different types of papilla does the dorsum of the tongue carry?

A

4 (some just give surface texture to help manipulate food whereas others are concerned with taste)

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14
Q

Names of the 4 different types of tongue papilla and their function?

A

Foliate papillae
Vallate papillate
Fungiform paillae (all above = taste)
Filliform papillae (touch, temperature, etc.)

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15
Q

What 2 types of tongue muscles do you get and what does each type do in general

A 
Extrinsic = move tongue around in oral cavity during mastication, swallowing and speech
Intrinsic = modify shape of tongue during function
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16
Q

What is the muscle of the cheek and what does it do?

A

Buccinator

Helps the tongue to position the food bolus between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth for mastication

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17
Q

How many teeth should an adult have?

A

32 (3 molars (1 is wisdom tooth), 2 premolars, 1 canine and 2 incisors per quadrant)

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18
Q

How is the dentition split in terms of areas

A

Quadrants e.g. upper right, lower left, etc.

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19
Q

What should any patient with a suspected fracture of the mandible or maxilla be asked?

A

How does your bite feel?

Displaced fracture may affect occlusion and patients are very sensitive to changes in occlusion

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20
Q

What does saliva contain which aids in swallowing and speech and for keeping the mucosa moist

A

Mucin which is a lubricant

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21
Q

What does saliva buffer

A

Plaque acids

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22
Q

What are some of the things saliva contains

A

Mucin (lubricant)
Antimicrobial elements
Amylase

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23
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

Parotid glands (near ear)
Submandibular glands (under mandible)
Sublingual glands (under tongue)
These produce 90% of our saliva (500-750ml/day)
Also have 1000s of minor secretions in our oral mucosa which keep the mouth moist by creating background and continuous secretion

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24
Q

What stimulates salivation (4)

A

Sight, smell or presence of food in mouth

Painful oral conditions

25
Q

What type of mucosa is the pharynx lined with

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous mucosa

26
Q

Are the muscle controlling the pharynx voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

27
Q

Where does the nasopharynx run to?What does the laryngopharynx run between

A

The soft palate

The epiglottis and oesophagus (posterior to the larynx)

28
Q

What is the name for the group of tonsils in the oral cavity?

A

Waldeyer’s ring

29
Q

What 2 structures guide the food bolus away from the midline laryngeal inlet?

A

The uvula of the soft palate

The epiglottis

30
Q

What are the 2 layers of muscle of the oropharynx

A

Inner vertically arranged layer of longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
Outer circularly arranged layer of constrictor muscles of the pharynx

31
Q

Purpose of the inner vertically arranged layers of longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

To contract during swallowing to shorten the pharynx (reducing bolus transit time)
Raises the larynx towards the epiglottis closing the laryngeal inlet

32
Q

Purpose of the outer circularly arranged layer of constrictor muscles of the pharynx

A

Sequentially contract (superior then middle and then inferior constrictors) to push food bolus inferiorly into the oesophagus

33
Q

What is the inferior continuation of the laryngopharynx?

A

The oesophagus

34
Q

What type of muscle is the oesophagus?

A

Transitions from skeletal muscle proximally to smooth muscle distally

35
Q

What type of mucosa is the oesophagus lined with?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous mucosa

36
Q

How long is the jejunum approx.?How long is the ileum approx.?

A

3m4m

37
Q

What type of mucosa does the oral cavity+oesophagus+anus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine have out of absorptive, secretory, protective?

A

Oral, etc. = protective
Stomach = secretory
Small intestine = absorptive
Large intestine = absorptive

38
Q

What are the structures of the soma from superficial to deep?

A

Skin
Fascia
Skeletal muscle
SkeletonInternal lining layer of body cavities e.g. parietal pleura

39
Q

What is the retroperitoneum

A

The space within the abdominal cavity posterior to the peritoneum

40
Q

What is an intraperiotenal organ?

A

Almost completely covered with visceral peritoneum e.g. liver
Minimally mobile

41
Q

What is a retroperitoneal organ

A

Organ located in the retroperitoneum (visceral peritoneum only on its anterior surface e.g. pancreas and kidneys

42
Q

What is an organ with a messentery

A

Covered in visceral peritoneum and suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a mesentery (organ’s double layer of visceral peritoneum) e.g. intestinesHighly mobile

43
Q

What does blood, pus or bowel contents within the peritoneal cavity cause?

A

Severe, painful inflammation of the peritoneum (peritonitis) - life threatening emergency

44
Q

Organs of the foregut?

A

Oesophagus to mid-duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen, 1/2 of pancreas

45
Q

Organs of the midgut?

A

Mid-duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon + 1/2 of pancreas

46
Q

Organs of the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of the anal canal

47
Q

What part of the abdomen does the inferior vena cava and aorta pass through

A

The retroperitoneum

48
Q

What are the 3 midline branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Coeliac trunk (to the foregut organs)Superior mesenteric artery (to the midgut organs)inferior mesenteric artery (to the handgun organs)

49
Q

Where are branches of the superior mesenteric artery found?

A

In the mesentery of the small intestine

50
Q

Where are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery found?

A

In the mesentery of the sigmoid colon

51
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

Drains the blood from the foregut, midgut and handgun structures to the liver for first pass metabolism

52
Q

What does the splenic vein do?

A

Drains blood from the foregut structures to the hepatic portal vein

53
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric vein do?

A

Drains blood from the handgun structures to the splenic vein

54
Q

What does the superior mesenteric vein do?

A

Drains blood from the midgut structures to the hepatic portal vein

55
Q

What are the 2 venous systems?

A

Portal venous system - drains blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract and the associated organs to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
Systemic venous system (IVC+SVC) - drains deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart (this includes the venous blood draining from the liver via the hepatic veins)

56
Q

Where do the foregut structures drain their lymph?

A

Via nodes located along the splenic artery towards the coeliac nodes

57
Q

Where do the midgut structures drain their lymph?

A

Via nodes located along the superior mesenteric artery towards the superior mesenteric nodes

58
Q

Where do the handgun structures drain their lymph?

A

Via nodes located along the inferior mesenteric artery towards the inferior mesenteric nodes

1st Year - Principles (37 decks)

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