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► Med Misc 39 > *Public Health > Flashcards

*Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What ar the 5 ways in which infection can be spread?

A 
Inhalation
Ingestion
Inoculation (direct and indirect)
Mother to Infant
Intercourse
(some things can be spread by more than 1 I)
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2
Q

What is direct inoculation?

A

Skin or mucous membrane comes into contact with the skin or mucous membrane of an infected person

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3
Q

What is indirect inoculation?

A

Skin or mucous membrane comes into contact with a contaminated surface

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4
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A

Pathogenic microorganism - reservoir - means of escape - mode of transmission - means of entry - host susceptibility
*breaking the chain at any point interrupts transmission

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5
Q

Where is the reservoir of ebola?

A

Fruit bats in africa

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6
Q

What are the 2 categories of control of infection precautions and what do they mean?

A 
Standard (all patients all the time)
Transmission based (added on for known suspected infection)
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7
Q

What are the 3 types of transmission based precautions?

A

Contact precautions
Droplet precautions
Airborne precautions

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8
Q

What are the 10 standard control of infection precautions?

A 
Hand hygiene
Sharps management
Clinical waste
PPE
Patient placement
Body fluid spillages
Environmental cleanliness
Clean equipment
Laundry
Respiratory etiquette
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9
Q

What are WHOs 5 moments of hand hygiene?

A 
Before patient contact
Before aseptic task
After body fluid exposure risk
After patient contact
After contact with patient surroundings
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10
Q

What enzyme do you swab for that gives a general indication of hygiene?

A

ATP

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11
Q

What transmission based precautions are taken for infection spread via either ingestion or inoculation?

A

Contact

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12
Q

What transmission based precaution is taken for infection spread via inhalation droplet?

A

Droplet precautions

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13
Q

What transmission based precaution is taken for infection spread via inhalation airborne?

A

Airborne

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14
Q

Types of contact precautions?

What infections for example are these used for?

A

Gloves
Apron
Single room or cohort bay

MRSA
C. diff
Norovirus

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15
Q

Type of droplet precautions?

Example of infection this is used for?

A 
Single room
Ensuite toilet/ shower
Gloves
Apron
Mask (surgical big drops)
Eye protection
Vaccination where available

Influenza

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16
Q

Types of airborne precautions?

Example of infections it is used for?

A

Negative pressure room
Gown, gloves, apron, eye protection
FFP3 mask (filter mask)
Vaccination where available

Measles
Chickenpox

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17
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of disease in populations

18
Q

Is there a vaccine for HIV?

A

No

19
Q

What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?

A

Mortality refers to the number of people who have died in a population where as morbidity refers to the number of people who are diseased

20
Q

Equation for mortality rate?

A

No of deaths / population at risk X 1000

21
Q

What is the crude death rate?

A

Mortality rate for the whole population

22
Q

What does the standardised mortality rate do?

A

Compares the expected rate with the observed rate

23
Q

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

A

Incidence is the number of new cases diagnosed in a population where as prevalence refers to the number of people in a population who have the disease at a set time

24
Q

Incidence rate equation?

A

Number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specific period time / number of persons exposed to risk of developing the disease during that period of time (usually expressed per 1,000)

25
Q

Prevalence rate equation?

A

Number of cases of a disease present in a population at a specific point in time / number of persons at risk of having the disease at a point in time (usually expressed per 1,000)

26
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of wellbeing?

A

Emotional
Social
Psychological

27
Q

What are the 2 manifestations of protein energy malnutrition?

A

Kwashiorkor (oedema) - lack of high-quality protein

Marasmus (low weight/ wasting) - caused by a diet low in both protein and calories

28
Q

Manifestation of vitamin A deficiency? (2)

A

Blindness

Increased severity of diarrhoea and infection

29
Q

Manifestation of iodine deficiency?

A

Poor cognitive development

30
Q

Manifestation of iron deficiency? (3)

A

Anaemia, poor cognitive development, increased susceptibility to infection

31
Q

Manifestation of zinc deficiency? (2)

A

Growth failure

Increased severity of diarrhoea

32
Q

Manifestation of vitamin B1 deficiency? (2)

A

Peripheral nerves affected

Encephalopathy

33
Q

Manifestation of vitamin B2 deficiency (3)

A

Anaemia
Sores around mouth
Red and cracked lips

34
Q

Manifestation of vitamin B3 deficiency? (3)

A

Dermatitis
Diarrhoea
Dementia

35
Q

Manifestation of folate deficiency?

A

Anaemia

36
Q

Manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency? (2)

A

Anaemia

Neuropathy

37
Q

Manifestation of vitamin C deficiency? (4)

A

Bleeding gums
Coiled hair
Bruising
Scurvy

38
Q

Manifestation of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets

39
Q

What are the 10 cancers related to body fat?

A 
Oesophagus
Pancreas
Ovary
Gallbladder
Colorectal
Breast
Endometrium
Kidney
Liver Prostate
40
Q

What does the Healthy Start Scheme provide?

A

Vitamin supplements and vouchers to buy fruit and veg to pregnant women less than 18 and on benefits - continues until the child is 4

► Med Misc 39 (38 decks)

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