*Public Health Flashcards
What ar the 5 ways in which infection can be spread?
Inhalation Ingestion Inoculation (direct and indirect) Mother to Infant Intercourse (some things can be spread by more than 1 I)
What is direct inoculation?
Skin or mucous membrane comes into contact with the skin or mucous membrane of an infected person
What is indirect inoculation?
Skin or mucous membrane comes into contact with a contaminated surface
What is the chain of infection?
Pathogenic microorganism - reservoir - means of escape - mode of transmission - means of entry - host susceptibility
*breaking the chain at any point interrupts transmission
Where is the reservoir of ebola?
Fruit bats in africa
What are the 2 categories of control of infection precautions and what do they mean?
Standard (all patients all the time) Transmission based (added on for known suspected infection)
What are the 3 types of transmission based precautions?
Contact precautions
Droplet precautions
Airborne precautions
What are the 10 standard control of infection precautions?
Hand hygiene Sharps management Clinical waste PPE Patient placement Body fluid spillages Environmental cleanliness Clean equipment Laundry Respiratory etiquette
What are WHOs 5 moments of hand hygiene?
Before patient contact Before aseptic task After body fluid exposure risk After patient contact After contact with patient surroundings
What enzyme do you swab for that gives a general indication of hygiene?
ATP
What transmission based precautions are taken for infection spread via either ingestion or inoculation?
Contact
What transmission based precaution is taken for infection spread via inhalation droplet?
Droplet precautions
What transmission based precaution is taken for infection spread via inhalation airborne?
Airborne
Types of contact precautions?
What infections for example are these used for?
Gloves
Apron
Single room or cohort bay
MRSA
C. diff
Norovirus
Type of droplet precautions?
Example of infection this is used for?
Single room Ensuite toilet/ shower Gloves Apron Mask (surgical big drops) Eye protection Vaccination where available
Influenza
Types of airborne precautions?
Example of infections it is used for?
Negative pressure room
Gown, gloves, apron, eye protection
FFP3 mask (filter mask)
Vaccination where available
Measles
Chickenpox
What is epidemiology?
Study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of disease in populations
Is there a vaccine for HIV?
No
What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?
Mortality refers to the number of people who have died in a population where as morbidity refers to the number of people who are diseased
Equation for mortality rate?
No of deaths / population at risk X 1000
What is the crude death rate?
Mortality rate for the whole population
What does the standardised mortality rate do?
Compares the expected rate with the observed rate
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Incidence is the number of new cases diagnosed in a population where as prevalence refers to the number of people in a population who have the disease at a set time
Incidence rate equation?
Number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specific period time / number of persons exposed to risk of developing the disease during that period of time (usually expressed per 1,000)
Prevalence rate equation?
Number of cases of a disease present in a population at a specific point in time / number of persons at risk of having the disease at a point in time (usually expressed per 1,000)
What are the 3 dimensions of wellbeing?
Emotional
Social
Psychological
What are the 2 manifestations of protein energy malnutrition?
Kwashiorkor (oedema) - lack of high-quality protein
Marasmus (low weight/ wasting) - caused by a diet low in both protein and calories
Manifestation of vitamin A deficiency? (2)
Blindness
Increased severity of diarrhoea and infection
Manifestation of iodine deficiency?
Poor cognitive development
Manifestation of iron deficiency? (3)
Anaemia, poor cognitive development, increased susceptibility to infection
Manifestation of zinc deficiency? (2)
Growth failure
Increased severity of diarrhoea
Manifestation of vitamin B1 deficiency? (2)
Peripheral nerves affected
Encephalopathy
Manifestation of vitamin B2 deficiency (3)
Anaemia
Sores around mouth
Red and cracked lips
Manifestation of vitamin B3 deficiency? (3)
Dermatitis
Diarrhoea
Dementia
Manifestation of folate deficiency?
Anaemia
Manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency? (2)
Anaemia
Neuropathy
Manifestation of vitamin C deficiency? (4)
Bleeding gums
Coiled hair
Bruising
Scurvy
Manifestation of vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets
What are the 10 cancers related to body fat?
Oesophagus Pancreas Ovary Gallbladder Colorectal Breast Endometrium Kidney Liver Prostate
What does the Healthy Start Scheme provide?
Vitamin supplements and vouchers to buy fruit and veg to pregnant women less than 18 and on benefits - continues until the child is 4
