*Anatomy - GI Flashcards by B -

What is the GI tract lined by?

Mucosa

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What is the purpose of the pharynx (3)?

Defence against infection (tonsils)
Swallowing
Airway protection

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What is the dividing point between the upper and lower GI tracts

Small intestines = upper

Caecum = lower

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Parts of the large intestine?

Appendix
Caecum
Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
Rectum
Anal canal

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What is there to protect us against sharp or excessively hot/cold substances

General sensory receptors

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What prevents things becoming obstructed in the upper GI tract? (4)

Chewing
Lubrication
Swallowing
Peristalsis

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What bones is the hard palate composed of?

The maxilla and palatine bones

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At what joint does jaw opening and closing occur?

What are these joints between?

The temperomandibular joints
synovial joints between the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone and the condylar process of the mandible

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4 muscles of mastication

Masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

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What muscle produces an anterior oral seal preventing dribbling

Orbiculrais oris

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In the oral cavity, what is the mucosa lined with?

What in the mouth has surface keratin?

Stratified squamous epithelium (for its protection)

Gingivae and hard palate (for protection during chewing)

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General sensations of the oral cavity (4) and special sensation?

Pain
Temperature
touch
proprioception

Taste

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How many different types of papilla does the dorsum of the tongue carry?

4 (some just give surface texture to help manipulate food whereas others are concerned with taste)

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Names of the 4 different types of tongue papilla and their function?

Foliate papillae
Vallate papillate
Fungiform paillae (all above = taste)
Filliform papillae (touch, temperature, etc.)

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What 2 types of tongue muscles do you get and what does each type do in general

Extrinsic = move tongue around in oral cavity during mastication, swallowing and speech
Intrinsic = modify shape of tongue during function

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What is the muscle of the cheek and what does it do?

Buccinator

Helps the tongue to position the food bolus between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth for mastication

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How many teeth should an adult have?

32 (3 molars (1 is wisdom tooth), 2 premolars, 1 canine and 2 incisors per quadrant)

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How is the dentition split in terms of areas

Quadrants e.g. upper right, lower left, etc.

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What should any patient with a suspected fracture of the mandible or maxilla be asked?

How does your bite feel?

Displaced fracture may affect occlusion and patients are very sensitive to changes in occlusion

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What does saliva contain which aids in swallowing and speech and for keeping the mucosa moist

Mucin which is a lubricant

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What does saliva buffer

Plaque acids

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What are some of the things saliva contains

Mucin (lubricant)
Antimicrobial elemetns
Amylase

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What are the major salivary glands?

Parotid glands (near ear)
Submandibular glands (under mandible)
Sublingual glands (under tongue)
These produce 90% of our saliva (500-750ml/day)
Also have 1000s of minor secretions in our oral mucosa which keep the mouth moist by creating background and continuous secretion

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What stimulates salivation (4)

Sight, smell or presence of food in mouth

Painful oral conditions

What type of mucosa is the pharynx lined with

Non-keratinised stratified squamous mucosa

Are the muscle controlling the pharynx voluntary or involuntary?

Voluntary

Where does the nasopharynx run to? | What does the laryngopharynx run between

The soft palate | The epiglottis and oesophagus (posterior to the larynx)

What is the name for the group of tonsils in the oral cavity?

Waldeyer's ring

What 2 structures guide the food bolus away from the midline laryngeal inlet?

The uvula of the soft palate | The epiglottis

What are the 2 layers of muscle of the oropharynx

Inner vertically arranged layer of longitudinal muscles of the pharynx Outer circularly arranged layer of constrictor muscles of the pharynx

Purpose of the inner vertically arranged layers of longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

To contract during swallowing to shorten the pharynx (reducing bolus transit time) Raises the larynx towards the epiglottis closing the laryngeal inlet

Purpose of the outer circularly arranged layer of constrictor muscles of the pharynx

Sequentially contract (superior then middle and then inferior constrictors) to push food bolus inferiorly into the oesophagus

What is the inferior continuation of the laryngopharynx?

The oesophagus

What type of muscle is the oesophagus?

Transitions from skeletal muscle proximally to smooth muscle distally

What type of mucosa is the oesophagus lined with?

Non-keratinised stratified squamous mucosa

How long is the jejunum approx.? | How long is the ileum approx.?

3m | 4m

What type of mucosa does the oral cavity+oesophagus+anus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine have out of absorptive, secretory, protective?

Oral, etc. = protective Stomach = secretory Small intestine = absorptive Large intestine = absorptive

What are the structures of the soma from superficial to deep?

``` Skin Fascia Skeletal muscle Skeleton Internal lining layer of body cavities e.g. parietal pleura ```

What is the retroperitoneum

The space within the abdominal cavity posterior to the peritoneum

What is an intraperiotenal organ?

Almost completely covered with visceral peritoneum e.g. liver Minimally mobile

What is a retroperitoneal organ

Organ located in the retroperitoneum (visceral peritoneum only on its anterior surface e.g. pancreas and kidneys

What is an organ with a messentery

Covered in visceral peritoneum and suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a mesentery (organ's double layer of visceral peritoneum) e.g. intestines Highly mobile

What does blood, pus or bowel contents within the peritoneal cavity cause?

Severe, painful inflammation of the peritoneum (peritonitis) - life threatening emergency

Organs of the foregut?

Oesophagus to mid-duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen, 1/2 of pancreas

Organs of the midgut?

Mid-duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon + 1/2 of pancreas

Organs of the hindgut?

Distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of the anal canal

What part of the abdomen does the inferior vena cava and aorta pass through

The retroperitoneum

What are the 3 midline branches of the abdominal aorta?

Coeliac trunk (to the foregut organs) Superior mesenteric artery (to the midgut organs) inferior mesenteric artery (to the handgun organs)

Where are branches of the superior mesenteric artery found?

In the mesentery of the small intestine

Where are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery found?

In the mesentery of the sigmoid colon

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

Drains the blood from the foregut, midgut and handgun structures to the liver for first pass metabolism

What does the splenic vein do?

Drains blood from the foregut structures to the hepatic portal vein

What does the inferior mesenteric vein do?

Drains blood from the handgun structures to the splenic vein

What does the superior mesenteric vein do?

Drains blood from the midgut structures to the hepatic portal vein

What are the 2 venous systems?

Portal venous system - drains blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract and the associated organs to the liver via the hepatic portal vein Systemic venous system (IVC+SVC) - drains deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart (this includes the venous blood draining from the liver via the hepatic veins)

Where do the foregut structures drain their lymph?

Via nodes located along the splenic artery towards the coeliac nodes

Where do the midgut structures drain their lymph?

Via nodes located along the superior mesenteric artery towards the superior mesenteric nodes

Where do the handgun structures drain their lymph?

Via nodes located along the inferior mesenteric artery towards the inferior mesenteric nodes