*Anatomy - Bones and joints Flashcards
1
Q
What are 6 purposes of bones?
A
Support Protection Calcium metabolism RBC formation Mechanical basis for movement and attachment site for skeletal muscles Salt storage
2
Q
Where is cartilage located?
A
Where more flexibility and motility is require (joints)
3
Q
How does cartilage obtain oxygen and nutrients?
A
Via diffusion (avascular)
4
Q
5 shapes of bones?
A
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones
5
Q
Example of a long bone?
A
Tubular e.g. humerus
6
Q
Example of a short bone?
A
Cuboidal e.g. in tarsus and carpus
7
Q
Example of flat bone?
A
Flat bones of cranium (usually have a protective function)
8
Q
Example of an irregular bone?
A
Have various shapes other than long, short or flat e.g. bones of the face
9
Q
Example of sesamoid bone
A
Patella (develop in certain tendons ad are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs - protect tendons and often change angle of tendons was they pass to there attachments)
10
Q
Look at joint diagram
A
…
11
Q
What does costo and control mean related to?
A
Costo = ribs Condral = cartilage
12
Q
3 subtypes of joints?
A
Fibrous
cartilagenous
synovial
(each is a compromise between mobility and stability e.g. increased mobility = decreased stability)
13
Q
Types of fibrous joints?
A
Syndesmoses
Sutures
14
Q
What does syndesmoses do?
A
Unites joints with fibrous sheet (either a ligament or a fibrous membrane)
15
Q
Examples of a syndesmoses?
A
Interosseous membrane
16
Q
Mobility of syndesmoses?
A
Partially movable
17
Q
Where are sutures found? Example?
A
between bones of the skull
Coronal suture
(almost completely obliterate away in adults)
18
Q
Mobility of sutures?
A
Highly stable
19
Q
What are the names of the wide sutures in the neonatal skull due to incomplete ossification of the cranial bones and the resulting incomplete closure of the sutures - stay open until the baby s approximately 18 months?
A
Fontanelles
20
Q
Name of the 3 fontanelles?
A
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
21
Q
What are cartilaginous joints connected entirely by?
A
Cartilage (either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage)
22
Q
Mobility of cartilaginous joints?
A
Allow more movement than fibrous joints but less movement than synovial joints
23
Q
2 types of cartilaginous joints?
A
Primary cartilaginous (synchondroses) Secondary cartilaginous (symphyses)
24
Q
What type of cartilage joins synchondroses?
A
Hyaline cartilage
25
What are the purpose of synchondroses?
permit slight bending during early life and permit growth in the length of a bone by creating temporary unions such as those present during the development of a long bone where the body epiphysis and the shaft are joined by an epiphysial plate -> when full growth has been achieved, the epiphyseal plate converts to bone and epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis
26
How does the strength and stability of secondary compare to primary cartilaginous joints?
secondary = more stable and strong (still has a small amount of flexibility)
27
What type of cartilage makes up secondary cartilaginous joints?
Fibrocartilage
28
Example of a symphysis?
Intervertebral disc
29
Structure of the intervertebral disc?
Outer fibrous annulus fibrosus (fibrous ring of fibrocartilage)
Inner soft nucleus pulposus
30
What type of cartilage covers synovial joints?
Hyaline "articular" cartilage
31
What wraps around synovial joints? What is this?
A capsule (superficial strong fibrous layer with a deep synovial membrane layer secreting synovial fluid)
32
What are the 3 purposes of synovial fluid?
To nourish, lubricate and cushion the joint)
33
Fibrous bands from bone to bone?
Ligaments
34
Fibrous bands from muscle to bone?
Tendons (insert onto bones at either sides of the joint)
35
What are bursae?
Extensions of joint cavity or closed sacs separate from the joint
36
5 subtypes of synovial joints?
```
Plane
Hinge
Biaxial
Ball and socket
Pivot
```
37
Movement of plane joints?
Minimal movement in one plane e.g. acromioclavicular joint
38
Movement of hinge joints?
Reasonable range of movement in one plane e.g. elbow joint
39
Biaxial joint? + subtypes
Reasonable range pf movement in one plane and less in another. Can be either saddle e.g. carpometacarpal or condyloid e.. metacarpophalangeal joint
40
Ball and socket joint?
Good range of multi-axial movement e.g. hip joint
41
Pivot joint?
one part of bone rotates around the other e.g. shaking head (atlanto-axial joint)
42
What is the most mobile and therefore least stable joint in adults?
Synovial (followed by cartilaginous and then fibrous) - synovial joints are therefore most likely to dislocate
43
What is more commonly dislocated, the shoulder or the hip?
Shoulder
44
What joint is more likely to dislocate during pregnancy?
The pubic symphysis
45
What is a subluxation?
Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
46
What is a dislocation?
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
47
What is a TMJ?
An articulation between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly
48
what are sensations detected by the sensory receptors of the joint nerves>
Pain
Touch
Temperature
Proprioception (joint position sense)
49
What is the name for the process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and ossifies?
Endochondral ossification
50
What are the parts of a developing bone from the end inwards?
```
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal growth plate
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
-> metaphysis, etc.
```
51
What are the 2 parts of a bone?
Outer cortex
| Inner medulla
52
What is the outer cortex of a bone made of?
Dense, stron, heavy compact (cortical) bone
53
What is the inner medulla of bone made of?
More porous, weaker, lighter spongy (trabecular/ cancellous) bone
54
What may the medulla of bone contain?
Bone marrow
55
What bones of the body have red bone marrow within them? (5)
Vertebrae, hips, breastbone, ribs and skull
56
What is the fibrous connective tissue sleeve that covers bone called?
Is this vascularised?
What is called when this sleeve covers cartilage?
Periosteum
It is vascularised
Perichondrium
57
Why is there extreme pain during fractures?
the periosteum is well innervated = extreme pain when torn during fractures
58
What carries blood to and from the medullary cavity of bones?
Artery and vein (nutrient vessels) - also lymphatic vessel present
59
What features of the neck of the femur contributes to an increased incidence of fractures?
Less compact bone
| Thin/ angled structure
60
Where is the clavicle weakest (and therefore most likely to fracture)?
At the junction between the middle an lateral thirds
61
What are the steps that cause a fracture to heal?
Callus of new bone forms around the fracture line
Callus remodels reassuming the normal shape
The clavicle eventually heals and is more or less the normal shape
62
How do bony features form?
Adjacent structure e.g. tendon, blood vessel, nerve or another bone, apply a force to the developing bone moulding its shape accordingly
An adjacent structure is developing at the same time as the bone meaning the bone has to grow around the other structure forming a foramen (hole)
63
what is a tuberosity?
A large prominence on a bone
64
Name of the tuberosity of the humerus?
Greater tubercle of the humerus
65
Name of the bony feature on the radius?
Styloid process
66
Name of the tuberosity on the ischium?
Ischial tuberosity
67
Bony features on the femur? (2)
Lesser tronchanter
| Femoral condyle
68
Bony features of the tibia? (2)
Tibial tuberosity
| Medial malleolus
69
What groups of bones make up the axial skeleton?
Bones of skull
Bones of neck (including hyoid bone)
Bones of the trunk (chest, abdomen and back)
70
What groups of bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the pectoral girdle (attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton)
Bones of the pelvic girdle (attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton)
Bones of the upper skeleton
Bones of the lower skeleton
71
What are the 2 sets of bones of the skull?
Bones of the cranial vault (neurocranium)
| Bones of the facial skeleton (viscerocranium)
72
What are the bones of the cranial vault?
```
Frontal bone (1)
Sphenoid bone (1)
Parietal bones (2)
Temporal bones (2)
Occipital bone (1)
```
73
When looking at the base of the skull, what other bone can be seen in the frontal bone?
The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
74
What are the bones of the facial skeleton?
Nasal bones (2)
Maxilla (2)
Zygomatic bones (2)
Mandible (1)
75
What bones does Le Fort 1 fracture affect? (1)
Maxilla
76
What bones does Le Fort 2 fracture affect? (2)
Maxilla
Zygomas
Ethymoid bone
77
What bones does Le Fort 3 fractures affect?
Most of the bones of the face except the maxilla (can separate right along the base of the skull)
78
2 features of the mental area of the mandible?
Mental process
| Mental foramen
79
what is the corner part of the mandible called?
Angle
80
What are the 2 main parts of the mandible called?
Body
| Ramus
81
what are the 2 features of the top of the mandible where it joins to the skull?
```
Coronoid process (front)
Condylar process (head and neck)
```
82
How many vertebrae do you have?
33
83
How many of each type of vertebrae do you have?
```
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused to form 1 sacrum)
4 coccygeal (fused to form 1 coccyx)
```
84
What are the curvatures of the normal adult spine?
```
Cervical = secondary curvature
Thoracic = primary
Sacral = secondary
Coccyx = primary
```
85
Processes of the typical vertebrae?
1 X Spinal process
2 X transverse processes
2 X superior articular processes
2 X inferior articular processes
86
Purpose of the spinous process?
For ligament and muscle attachment
87
Purpose of the transverse process?
Ligament, muscle and rib articulations
88
Purpose of the inferior and superior articular processes?
Mobility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial facet joints
89
what is the vertebral arch made up of?
2 lamina and 2 pedicles
90
What is the weight bearing part of a vertebrae?
Vertebral body
91
What does the spinal nerve emerge from the spine through?
Intervertebral formane
92
What is the name of the joint between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae?
Facet joints
93
What is the name of C1?
Atlas
94
How does atlas (C1) differ from the typical vertebrae?
It does not have a body or spinous process (it has a posterior arch and an arch instead)
95
What is the name of C2?
Axis
96
How does C2 (axis) differ from the typical vertebrae?
It has an odontoid process
97
How does C7 differ from other vertebrae?
It has a long spinous process making it the first palpable spinous process in most people
98
What is the other name for C7?
Vertebrae prominens
99
What ribs are true ribs?
1-7
100
What ribs are false ribs?
8-10
101
What ribs are floating ribs?
11 and 12
102
Why is rib 1 less likely to fracture than other ribs?
It is protected by the clavicle
103
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
2 scapulae
| 2 clavicles
104
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones and the sacrum
105
What are the names of the parts of the upper limb?
Arm
Forearm
Hand
106
What are the names of the parts of the lower limb?
Thigh
Leg
Foot
107
What bones make up the hand?
Carpal bones (wrist)
Metacarpals (palm)
Phalanges (fingers)
108
What bones make up the foot?
Tarsal bones (hindfoot and midfoot)
Metatarsals (forefoot)
Phalanges (forefoot-toes)
