*Anatomy - Bones and joints Flashcards
What are 6 purposes of bones?
Support Protection Calcium metabolism RBC formation Mechanical basis for movement and attachment site for skeletal muscles Salt storage
Where is cartilage located?
Where more flexibility and motility is require (joints)
How does cartilage obtain oxygen and nutrients?
Via diffusion (avascular)
5 shapes of bones?
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones
Example of a long bone?
Tubular e.g. humerus
Example of a short bone?
Cuboidal e.g. in tarsus and carpus
Example of flat bone?
Flat bones of cranium (usually have a protective function)
Example of an irregular bone?
Have various shapes other than long, short or flat e.g. bones of the face
Example of sesamoid bone
Patella (develop in certain tendons ad are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs - protect tendons and often change angle of tendons was they pass to there attachments)
Look at joint diagram
…
What does costo and control mean related to?
Costo = ribs Condral = cartilage
3 subtypes of joints?
Fibrous
cartilagenous
synovial
(each is a compromise between mobility and stability e.g. increased mobility = decreased stability)
Types of fibrous joints?
Syndesmoses
Sutures
What does syndesmoses do?
Unites joints with fibrous sheet (either a ligament or a fibrous membrane)
Examples of a syndesmoses?
Interosseous membrane
Mobility of syndesmoses?
Partially movable
Where are sutures found? Example?
between bones of the skull
Coronal suture
(almost completely obliterate away in adults)
Mobility of sutures?
Highly stable
What are the names of the wide sutures in the neonatal skull due to incomplete ossification of the cranial bones and the resulting incomplete closure of the sutures - stay open until the baby s approximately 18 months?
Fontanelles
Name of the 3 fontanelles?
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
What are cartilaginous joints connected entirely by?
Cartilage (either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage)
Mobility of cartilaginous joints?
Allow more movement than fibrous joints but less movement than synovial joints
2 types of cartilaginous joints?
Primary cartilaginous (synchondroses) Secondary cartilaginous (symphyses)
What type of cartilage joins synchondroses?
Hyaline cartilage
What are the purpose of synchondroses?
permit slight bending during early life and permit growth in the length of a bone by creating temporary unions such as those present during the development of a long bone where the body epiphysis and the shaft are joined by an epiphysial plate -> when full growth has been achieved, the epiphyseal plate converts to bone and epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis
How does the strength and stability of secondary compare to primary cartilaginous joints?
secondary = more stable and strong (still has a small amount of flexibility)
What type of cartilage makes up secondary cartilaginous joints?
Fibrocartilage
Example of a symphysis?
Intervertebral disc
Structure of the intervertebral disc?
Outer fibrous annulus fibrosus (fibrous ring of fibrocartilage)
Inner soft nucleus pulposus
What type of cartilage covers synovial joints?
Hyaline “articular” cartilage
What wraps around synovial joints? What is this?
A capsule (superficial strong fibrous layer with a deep synovial membrane layer secreting synovial fluid)
What are the 3 purposes of synovial fluid?
To nourish, lubricate and cushion the joint)
Fibrous bands from bone to bone?
Ligaments
Fibrous bands from muscle to bone?
Tendons (insert onto bones at either sides of the joint)
What are bursae?
Extensions of joint cavity or closed sacs separate from the joint
5 subtypes of synovial joints?
Plane Hinge Biaxial Ball and socket Pivot
Movement of plane joints?
Minimal movement in one plane e.g. acromioclavicular joint
Movement of hinge joints?
Reasonable range of movement in one plane e.g. elbow joint
Biaxial joint? + subtypes
Reasonable range pf movement in one plane and less in another. Can be either saddle e.g. carpometacarpal or condyloid e.. metacarpophalangeal joint
Ball and socket joint?
Good range of multi-axial movement e.g. hip joint
Pivot joint?
one part of bone rotates around the other e.g. shaking head (atlanto-axial joint)
What is the most mobile and therefore least stable joint in adults?
Synovial (followed by cartilaginous and then fibrous) - synovial joints are therefore most likely to dislocate
What is more commonly dislocated, the shoulder or the hip?
Shoulder
What joint is more likely to dislocate during pregnancy?
The pubic symphysis
What is a subluxation?
Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
What is a dislocation?
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
What is a TMJ?
An articulation between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly
what are sensations detected by the sensory receptors of the joint nerves>
Pain
Touch
Temperature
Proprioception (joint position sense)
What is the name for the process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and ossifies?
Endochondral ossification
What are the parts of a developing bone from the end inwards?
Epiphysis Epiphyseal growth plate Metaphysis Diaphysis -> metaphysis, etc.
What are the 2 parts of a bone?
Outer cortex
Inner medulla
What is the outer cortex of a bone made of?
Dense, stron, heavy compact (cortical) bone
What is the inner medulla of bone made of?
More porous, weaker, lighter spongy (trabecular/ cancellous) bone
What may the medulla of bone contain?
Bone marrow
What bones of the body have red bone marrow within them? (5)
Vertebrae, hips, breastbone, ribs and skull
What is the fibrous connective tissue sleeve that covers bone called?
Is this vascularised?
What is called when this sleeve covers cartilage?
Periosteum
It is vascularised
Perichondrium
Why is there extreme pain during fractures?
the periosteum is well innervated = extreme pain when torn during fractures
What carries blood to and from the medullary cavity of bones?
Artery and vein (nutrient vessels) - also lymphatic vessel present
What features of the neck of the femur contributes to an increased incidence of fractures?
Less compact bone
Thin/ angled structure
Where is the clavicle weakest (and therefore most likely to fracture)?
At the junction between the middle an lateral thirds
What are the steps that cause a fracture to heal?
Callus of new bone forms around the fracture line
Callus remodels reassuming the normal shape
The clavicle eventually heals and is more or less the normal shape
How do bony features form?
Adjacent structure e.g. tendon, blood vessel, nerve or another bone, apply a force to the developing bone moulding its shape accordingly
An adjacent structure is developing at the same time as the bone meaning the bone has to grow around the other structure forming a foramen (hole)
what is a tuberosity?
A large prominence on a bone
Name of the tuberosity of the humerus?
Greater tubercle of the humerus
Name of the bony feature on the radius?
Styloid process
Name of the tuberosity on the ischium?
Ischial tuberosity
Bony features on the femur? (2)
Lesser tronchanter
Femoral condyle
Bony features of the tibia? (2)
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
What groups of bones make up the axial skeleton?
Bones of skull
Bones of neck (including hyoid bone)
Bones of the trunk (chest, abdomen and back)
What groups of bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the pectoral girdle (attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton)
Bones of the pelvic girdle (attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton)
Bones of the upper skeleton
Bones of the lower skeleton
What are the 2 sets of bones of the skull?
Bones of the cranial vault (neurocranium)
Bones of the facial skeleton (viscerocranium)
What are the bones of the cranial vault?
Frontal bone (1) Sphenoid bone (1) Parietal bones (2) Temporal bones (2) Occipital bone (1)
When looking at the base of the skull, what other bone can be seen in the frontal bone?
The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
What are the bones of the facial skeleton?
Nasal bones (2)
Maxilla (2)
Zygomatic bones (2)
Mandible (1)
What bones does Le Fort 1 fracture affect? (1)
Maxilla
What bones does Le Fort 2 fracture affect? (2)
Maxilla
Zygomas
Ethymoid bone
What bones does Le Fort 3 fractures affect?
Most of the bones of the face except the maxilla (can separate right along the base of the skull)
2 features of the mental area of the mandible?
Mental process
Mental foramen
what is the corner part of the mandible called?
Angle
What are the 2 main parts of the mandible called?
Body
Ramus
what are the 2 features of the top of the mandible where it joins to the skull?
Coronoid process (front) Condylar process (head and neck)
How many vertebrae do you have?
33
How many of each type of vertebrae do you have?
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral (fused to form 1 sacrum) 4 coccygeal (fused to form 1 coccyx)
What are the curvatures of the normal adult spine?
Cervical = secondary curvature Thoracic = primary Sacral = secondary Coccyx = primary
Processes of the typical vertebrae?
1 X Spinal process
2 X transverse processes
2 X superior articular processes
2 X inferior articular processes
Purpose of the spinous process?
For ligament and muscle attachment
Purpose of the transverse process?
Ligament, muscle and rib articulations
Purpose of the inferior and superior articular processes?
Mobility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial facet joints
what is the vertebral arch made up of?
2 lamina and 2 pedicles
What is the weight bearing part of a vertebrae?
Vertebral body
What does the spinal nerve emerge from the spine through?
Intervertebral formane
What is the name of the joint between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae?
Facet joints
What is the name of C1?
Atlas
How does atlas (C1) differ from the typical vertebrae?
It does not have a body or spinous process (it has a posterior arch and an arch instead)
What is the name of C2?
Axis
How does C2 (axis) differ from the typical vertebrae?
It has an odontoid process
How does C7 differ from other vertebrae?
It has a long spinous process making it the first palpable spinous process in most people
What is the other name for C7?
Vertebrae prominens
What ribs are true ribs?
1-7
What ribs are false ribs?
8-10
What ribs are floating ribs?
11 and 12
Why is rib 1 less likely to fracture than other ribs?
It is protected by the clavicle
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
2 scapulae
2 clavicles
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones and the sacrum
What are the names of the parts of the upper limb?
Arm
Forearm
Hand
What are the names of the parts of the lower limb?
Thigh
Leg
Foot
What bones make up the hand?
Carpal bones (wrist)
Metacarpals (palm)
Phalanges (fingers)
What bones make up the foot?
Tarsal bones (hindfoot and midfoot)
Metatarsals (forefoot)
Phalanges (forefoot-toes)
