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► Med Misc 39 > *Anatomy - movement > Flashcards

*Anatomy - movement Flashcards

1
Q

3 different types of muscle?
Voluntary?
Striated?

A 
Cardiac muscle (involuntary and started)
Smooth muscle (involuntary and non-striated)
Skeletal muscle (voluntary and striated)
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2
Q

What is skeletal muscle made up of?

A

Skeletal muscle -> fasciles -> muscle fibre (myocyte/ muscle cell) -> myofibrils -> actin and myosin microfilaments

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3
Q

Why does striations look like stripes?

A

Due to overlapping actin and myosin

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4
Q

What happens when a muscle is strained?

A

Some of the muscle fibres are torn

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5
Q

Types of skeletal muscles? (5)

A 
Circular
Pennate
Fusiform
Flat with aponeurosis
Quadrate
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6
Q

Example of a circular muscle

A

Orbicularis oculi

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7
Q

Example of a pennate muscle

A

Deltoid

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8
Q

Example of fusiform muscle

A

Biceps brachi

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9
Q

Example of a flat muscle

A

External oblique

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10
Q

Example of a quadrate muscle?

A

Rectus abdominus

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11
Q

What is a flattened tendon called?

A

An aponeurosis

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12
Q

What are the 2 points at which muscle attaches to bone called?

A

Origin(s)
Insertion(s)
(origin is a fixed point where as the insert moves with contraction)

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13
Q

How many origins and insertions does biceps brachi have?

A

2 origins

1 insertion

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14
Q

Along which axis does a muscle contract?

A

Long axis

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15
Q

Which joints can biceps brachii move?

A

Shoulder
Elbow
Radioulnar joint
(as spans all 3 of these joints)

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16
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A rapid, predictable, involuntary reaction to “danger”

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17
Q

What are the 2 main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?

A 
Stretch reflex (deep tendon reflexes)
Flexion withdrawal reflex (sudden flexion to withdraw when we touch something potentially dangerous)
18
Q

What is an example of a stretch (deep tend reflex)?

A

Biceps jerk, knee jerk

19
Q

How are deep tendon (stretch) reflexes tested?

A

Tendon hammer is used to apply a brief, sudden stretch to the muscle via its tendon
In order to prevent overstitching, the muscle contracts, pulling on the tendon and causing a knee jerk

20
Q

What tendon is being stretched when creating a knee jerk reflex?

A

The patellar tendon

21
Q

How does a deep tendon reflex work in terms of nerves?

A

Sensory nerve from muscle detected stretch and tells spinal cord
Synapse in spinal cord between sensory and motor nerves
Motor nerve from spinal cord passes message to muscle to contract

22
Q

What is the synapse called where the motor nerve communicates wit the skeletal muscle during a reflex?

A

Neuromuscular junction

23
Q

What is the name of the whole route taken by the action potentials during a reflex?

A

Reflex arc

24
Q

What does a normal stretch reflex indicate is working? (5)

A 
The muscle
Its sensory nerve fibres
Its motor nerve fibres
The spinal cord connection between the 2
The neuromuscular junction
"descending controls" from the brain
25
Q

What is the brains role in a reflex?

A

To prevent the reflex from being overly brisk

26
Q

What is wrong with a muscle that does not have a functioning motor nerve supply?

A

It is paralysed

27
Q

What is paralysed muscle unable to do?

A

Contract

28
Q

What will a paralysed muscle look like on examination?

A

Reduced tone

29
Q

What is the word used to describe a muscle that has an intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain aren’t working?

A

Spastic

30
Q

What will a spastic muscle appear like on examination?

A

Increased tone

31
Q

What has happen to atrophic muscle fibres?

Why does this happen?

A

They have become smaller, reducing the muscle’s bulk

Immobilisation e.g. after fracture. damage to motor nerve supply

32
Q

What is the opposite of atrophy?

A

hypertrophy

33
Q

What happens during muscle hypertrophy?

A

The skeletal muscles enlarge

34
Q

What are the layers present above skeletal muscles?

A

Deep fascia (fibrous tissue -glistening white layer)
Superficial fascia (adipose tissue)
Dermis (collagen/ elastic fibres)
Epidermis (epithelium)

35
Q

What is the inter muscular septum?

A

An extension of the deep fascia that splits the muscles of the limbs into different compartments

36
Q

what are the muscle compartments of the thigh? (3)

A

Anterior
Medial
Posterior

37
Q

What are the muscle compartments of the thigh? (2)

A

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

38
Q

What are the muscle compartments of the arm? (2)

A

Anterior

Posterior

39
Q

What are the muscle compartments of the forearm? (2)

A

Anterior

Posterior

40
Q

Why are muscular compartments important?

A

They prevent infection from spreading into other compartments

41
Q

What is it called when increased pressure caused by tissue swelling or an increase in fluid affects functions of the muscles or nerves in the compartment?

A

Compartment syndrome

42
Q

What can be performed to relieve pressure in compartment syndrome?

A

A fasciotomy

► Med Misc 39 (38 decks)

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