public health Flashcards
what is Pharmaceutical Public Health (PPH)?
the application of pharmaceutical knowledge and skills to improve population health through structured societal efforts
what are the three domains of public health?
health improvement –> inc lifestyles, social influences
health protection –> minimising exposure to hazards (environmental, food safety etc)
healthcare & public health –> delivery and quality of health services
what is Health Improvement?
promoting healthy lifestyles, reducing inequalities, and addressing social determinants of health
what is Health Protection?
minimising exposure to health hazards (e.g. vaccinations, AMR, pollution control)
what is Healthcare Public Health?
service planning, efficiency, audits, and evaluations to ensure quality care
name the nine core elements of public health practice
- assessing population health
- promoting and protecting health
- quality & risk management
- collaborating for health
- developing health services
- policy and strategy development
- community engagement
- strategic leadership
- research and ethical resource management
how do pharmacists contribute at the micro level?
patient counselling, vaccinations, smoking cessation
what is a meso-level public health intervention?
community-based health fairs, outreach programs, regional campaigns
what is a macro-level intervention?
influencing national policy, contributing to public health strategies
name organisations pharmacists may work with in public health
UKHSA, OHID, local authorities, ICBs, NHS England
give examples of public health services provided in pharmacies
NHS health checks, BP screening, EHC provision, smoking cessation, vaccinations
how do pharmacy teams support primary prevention?
through early detection, lifestyle advice, and reducing exposure to risk factors
what is the purpose of a pharmaceutical needs assessment (PNA)?
to assess and plan pharmaceutical services based on local health needs
how often must PNAs be published?
every 3 years (can be updated sooner if needed)
what data sources are used in public health planning?
OHID Fingertips, ONS, JSNA
what must a PNA contain?
needs assessment, current and future service provision, gaps, stakeholder engagement, maps
what is pharmacoeconomics?
the branch of health economics that compares costs and benefits of pharmaceutical interventions
why is pharmacoeconomics important?
it supports cost-effective decision-making and guides NHS funding for treatments/services
what’s the difference between a cost-of-illness study and a pharmacoeconomic analysis?
cost-of-illness assesses disease burden; pharmacoeconomic compares specific interventions and their outcomes
what does CMA (Cost-Minimisation Analysis) compare?
costs of equivalent treatment options with the same outcome
what is CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis)?
compares both costs and benefits in monetary terms
what is CEA (Cost-Effectiveness Analysis)?
compares cost vs outcomes in natural units (e.g. BP reduction, life years gained)
what is CUA (Cost-Utility Analysis)?
measures outcomes in QALYs (quality + quantity of life), used by NICE
what does QALY stand for?
Quality-Adjusted Life Year
