Public Health

Question 0

Risk

Answer 0

Likelihood that a harmful event may take place

Question 1

Hazard

Answer 1

Environmental stressors with capacity to do harm

Question 2

5 categories of hazards

Answer 2

• physical
• chemical
• biological
• ergonomic
• psychosocial

Question 3

Hierarchy of control

Answer 3

• eliminate
• substitute
• engineer controls
• administrative controls
• personal protective equipment

Question 4

Why needle stick injuries often occur

Answer 4

• stress
• overwork
• careless attitudes

Question 5

Explain universal precautions

Answer 5

Treat all body fluids as if they are infectious

Question 6

4 levels of TB prevention for health workers

Answer 6

• facility level (surveillance)
• administrative (triage, cough etiquette)
• environmental (ventilation)
• personal protective equipment (respirators)

Question 7

Possible obstacles to health care for refugees

Answer 7

• fear of arrest
• not speaking language
• fear of discrimination
• rejection by staff
• lack of local knowledge
• lack of resources
• depression/PTSD
• not treated with dignity
• cultural alienation

Question 8

Refugees rights from the bill of rights

Answer 8

• no one may suffer discrimination on grounds of birth
• everyone has right to access to health care services
• right to environment that is not harmful to health
• children’s right to basic health services

Question 9

Patient’s rights charter rights

Answer 9

• access to health care
• choice of health services
• confidentiality and privacy
• informed consent
• continuity of care
• healthy and safe environment
• participation in decision making
• knowledge of health insurance/ medical aid scheme
• treated by a named health professional
• refusal of treatment
• a second opinion
• complaints about health services

Question 10

Medical practitioner’s responsibilities to refugees

Answer 10

• provide assistance and info in how to lodge a complaint
• facilitate registration as a legal refugee
• act as intermediary between refugee and human rights commission
• have a positive attitude
• do a thorough clinical evaluation
• orient towards NGOs for psychosocial services

Question 11

United Nations definition of a refugee

Answer 11

Includes all asylum seekers feeling prosecution, including those who have not been afforded refugee status by another country

Question 12

Expectations a patient can have according to the PRC

Answer 12

• receiving timely emergency care
• treatment and rehab made known and understood
• provision of special needs
• palliative care that is affordable and effective
• positive disposition displayed by health care workers
• health info given in language understood by patient

Question 13

10 priorities in emergencies

Answer 13

• initial assessment
• water and sanitation
• food and nutrition programmes
• shelter and site planning
• measles immunizations
• curative activities
• control of other communicable diseases and epidemics
• surveillance system
• human resources and training

Question 14

Objectives of initial assessment

Answer 14

• assess magnitude of emergency
• assess health priorities in terms of
  
  • basic needs
  • main killers
  • outbreaks with high CFR

Question 15

Definition of sentinel surveillance

Answer 15

A sentinel surveillance network facilitates the collection of data outside the scope of routine health data

• constitutes selected healthcare centres/workers who submit data toast centralized point
• eg SASPREN

Question 16

Advantages of sentinel surveillance

Answer 16

• likely to be more complete
• provides more accurate info that is better quality
• generally less costly to run

Question 17

Limitations of sentinel surveillance

Answer 17

• might not be representative of total population
• denominator not always known (difficult to calculate rates)
• could be underestimation of numerator (not all diseased visit sentinel sites)

Question 18

What a doctor using sentinel surveillance needs to do

Answer 18

• confirm diagnosis
• communicate info to patient
• obtain consent to forward info to SASPREN

Question 19

Purposes of health surveillance

Answer 19

• estimate magnitude of health prob
• identify risk groups
• establish long term trends
• detect epidemics
• document effect of interventions
• facilitate health system planning
• resource allocation
• provide info describing the natural history of a disease
• monitor changes in infectious agents
• setting research priorities
• morbidity and mortality reporting

Question 20

Problems assoc with routine surveillance programs

Answer 20

• inconsistent diagnoses
• overcounting
• under reporting
• under reporting certain groups
• incomplete details
• inefficient admin systems
• delayed action with data
• no feedback to health care providers
• quality of data often poor

Question 21

Definition of surveillance

Answer 21

Continued watchfulness over the distribution, trends and incidence of disease and risk factors through the systemic collection, collation and analysis of relevant data

Question 22

What makes a disease notifiable

Answer 22

• epidemic prone (cholera)
• new/emerging disease
• environmental/zoonoses (rabies)
• preventable (measles)
• control programme priority (TB)

Question 23

Why blinding is important

Answer 23

• to minimize bias in selection of groups
• in equal treatment of the trial
• in measurement of the outcomes

Question 24

Definition of sex

Answer 24

Biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women

Question 25

Definition of gender

Answer 25

Socially constructed roles, behaviors and activities that a given society considers appropriate for men and women