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End Of Year > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

0
Q

Decent of testes facilitated by

A
  • gubernaculum forms (guiding)
  • testes enlarge (exert press of surroundings)
  • mesonephros atrophies (makes room)
  • paramesonephric ducts atrophy (makes room)
  • processes vaginalis develops (creates path of low resistance though inhumanly canal)
  • growth of penis, external genitalia and abdomen
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1
Q

Site of haematopoiesis in developing fetus

A
  • wall of yolk sac
  • spleen
  • liver
  • bone marrow
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2
Q

Undescended testes

A

Cryptorchidism

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3
Q

Septum transversum

A

Sheet of mesoderm that is pushed into place by the developing liver

  • contributes to central tendon of diaphragm
  • plays a role in the formation of the liver
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4
Q

Definition hypospadias

A
  • abnormally placed urinary meatus anywhere along the urethral groove
  • due to fault in folding if urethral folds
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5
Q

Development of indifferent gonad to testis

A

Based on genes of the sex-determining region on the short arm of the Y chromosome, medulla of indifferent gonad develops into testis

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6
Q

Features of tetralogy of Fallot

A
  • VSD
  • pulm stenosis
  • over-riding aorta
  • hypertrophy of RV
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7
Q

Description of foetal blood

A
  • erythrocytes have a nucleus
  • contain fetal Hb
  • maternal and fetal blood usually do not mix
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8
Q

Haemolytic disease of the newborn

A

Immune problem from fetal rh+/ maternal rh-

  • leaking of blood from fetus leads to maternal anti-rh antibodies
  • problematic in future pregnancies
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9
Q

Blood development

A
  • initially within core of blood islands in mesoderm (angioblasts)
  • fuse and extend to make primordial vascular network
  • 2 populations of cells in island:
    • peripheral (form endothelial cells)
    • core (form blood cells)
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10
Q

Summary of haematopoiesis.

A
  • starts on day 19 in yolk sac (only erythrocytes with fetal Hb)
  • at 5 weeks, embryo itself starts producing
  • liver becomes chief site (beginning of leukocyte and thrombocyte prod)
  • spleen, kidney, thymus and lymph nodes = minor sites
  • BM is primary site from 6 months
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11
Q

Things that phenotypically differentiate the sexes

A
  • gonads
  • duct system
  • external genitalia
  • secondary sexual characteristics
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12
Q

Testis determining gene

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome

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13
Q

Sex germ cells

A
  • in endoderm of yolk sac
  • migrate go genital ridges (on ventromedial surfaces of mesonephric ridge)
  • increase in no. as they migrate
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14
Q

Differentiation of the testis

A
  • germ cells in mesonephric ridge form primitive sex cords
  • sex cords become separated from surface epi by tunica albuginea
  • outer portion = seminiferous tubules
  • inner portion = rete testis
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15
Q

When do Sertoli cells start secreting MIS?

A

8 th week

16
Q

Formation of efferent ductules

A
  • some nephrons of regressing mesonephros become assoc with rete testis
17
Q

Where do accessory glands form?

A
  • seminal vesicles (vas deferens)

- prostate and bulbo-urethral (urethra)

18
Q

3 components of external genitalia

A
  • genital tubercle
  • genital folds
  • genital swellings
19
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A
  • 21-hydroxylase deficiency (mediates prod of cortisol from chol by adrenal glands)
20
Q

Formation of truncoconal septum

A
  • ridges form on sides of conus cordis and truncus arteriosus
  • form aorticopulmonary septum
  • spirals
  • valves form
21
Q

Aortic arches

A 
1 - maxillary artery and part of external carotid
2- stapedial 
3- common carotid 
4- R = part of R subclavian 
     L = part of aortic arch
6- proximal = pulm arteries
    distal = ductus arteriosus
22
Q

Diaphragm development

A
  • from septum transversum, oesophageal mesentery, pleuroperitoneal folds and secondary ingrowth from body wall
23
Q

Developmental stages of the respiratory system

A
  • embryonic
  • pseudo glandular
  • canalicular
  • terminal sac (saccular and alveolar stages)
24
Q

Development of the larynx

A
  • originates from 4th and 6th branchial arches
  • sensory and motor nerve supply via cranial nerve X
  • mesenchyme proliferates between week 4-5
  • assoc with opening of resp diverticulum
  • cartilages develop
  • temporary occlusion followed by recanalisation (week9-10)
  • formation of vocal cords and laryngeal ventricles
25
Q

Where does the dorsal pancreas originate

A

Duodenal endoderm

26
Q

Where does the ventral pancreas originate?

A

Endoderm of hepatic diverticulum

27
Q

From where do the urinary and genital systems develop?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

End Of Year (12 decks)

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