Histology Flashcards
0
Q
Role of kupffer cells
A
- phagocytotic
- ethanol, viruses and toxins induce them to produce pro inflam cytokines
1
Q
Role of space of disse
A
Separates basolateral domain of hepatocyte from blood circulating in haptic sinusoid
2
Q
Role of stellate cells
A
- metabolism and storage of retinoids
- produce extra cellular matrix
- regulate blood flow in sinusoids
- produce collagen in pathology
3
Q
Origin if lymph in liver
A
Space of disse
4
Q
3 patterns of liver lobular ion
A
- endocrine (classic)
- exocrine (portal lobule)
- metabolic (liver acinar)
5
Q
Role of zone 1
A
- most metabolically active
- very active phagocytosis
- most active regenerative zone
6
Q
Role of zone 3
A
- glycolysis
- ethanol and drug metabolism
- lipid metabolism
7
Q
Main pathway of ethanol metabolism
A
ADH pathway
- oxidized to acetaldehyde and acetate in mitochindrion
- mitochondrial damage
- disrupts micro tubules
- alters proteins
8
Q
Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
A
- in chronic uptake
- produces acetaldehyde and oxygen free radicals
- causes lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage
9
Q
Components of testis and duct uses
A
- testicular capsule (tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea)
- seminiferous tubules
- tubuli recti
- rete testis (in mediastinum)
- efferent ductules
- epididymis
10
Q
Histology of Sertoli cells
A
- tall columnar cells
- large nuclei
- prominent nucleolus
- deep cytoplasmic infoldings
- extend cytoplasmic processes
11
Q
Functions of Sertoli cells
A
- support, protect and nourish developing spermatogenic cells
- phagocytosis of residual bodies
- facilitate release of spermatozoa (spermation)
- form blood testis barrier
- produce FAS ligand which eliminates T cell mediated immune response
12
Q
Role of blood testis barrier
A
- prevents proteins from reaching developing spermatogenic cells
- prevents proteins in developing spermatogenic cells from leaking and triggering an immune response
13
Q
Secretory functions of Sertoli cells
A
- express testosterone and FSH receptors
- secrete fluid
- produce and secrete ABP
- secrete inhibin and activin (FSH action)
- secrete oestradiol
- in fetus, secrete anti-mullerian hormone
14
Q
3 stages of spermatogenesis
A
- spermatocytogenesis
- spermatocyte phase
- spermiogenesis
15
Q
Sub phases of prophase 1
A
- leptotene
- zygotene
- pachytene
- diplotene
- diakinesis
16
Q
Phases of spermiogenesis
A
- Golgi
- cap
- acrosomal
- maturation
17
Q
Histology of leydig cells
A
- large polygonal cells near capillaries
- typical features of steroid producing cells
- large pale vesicular nuclei
- granular eosinophilic cytoplasm filled with oxidative enzymes
18
Q
Functions of epididymis
A
- secretory (carnitine, sialic acid)
- peristaltic movement
- spermatozoa gain forward motility
- involved in sperm maturation
19
Q
Components of spermatic cord
A
- vas deferens
- cremaster muscle
- spermatic artery
- veins (pampiniform plexus)
20
Q
Erection
A
- flaccid to hardened penis (engorgement of erectile tissue)
- parasympathetically induced vasodilation of penile arterioles
- loss of sympathetic tone to muscular stroma
21
Q
Lubrication
A
- secretion of mucus from bulbourethral and urethral glands
- parasympathetically induced increased secretion of mucus
22
Q
Emission
A
- emptying sperm and accessory gland secretions into urethra
- sympathetically induced contraction of walls of ducts and accessory glands
23
Q
Expulsion
A
- forceful expulsion of semen from penis
- somatic (motor) induced contraction of skeletal muscles at base of penis
24
Physiological effects of environmental estrogens on male reproductive system
- reduced sperm counts
- increased risk of testicular and prostatic cancer
- abnormalities of male rep tract at birth
- gender change (animals)
- fewer male births
25
Functions of the male reproductive tract
- production of spermatozoa
- conveying spermatozoa
- maturation of spermatozoa
- addition to luminal fluid, increase in motility
- storage of sperm in epididymis and vas deferens
- emptying contents into prostatic urethra
- production of seminal and prostatic secretions and mixing with spermatozoa and fluid
- emission and ejaculation
26
Action of Viagra
- maintains erection by inhibiting phosphodiesterase breakdown by cGMP induced by NO signaling
- maintains vasodilation of he lucine and penile sinusoids
27
Route of paracetamol through liver
- absorbed through duodenum and enter via portal vein
- processed in zone 3
- detoxified via oxidative action of cytP450 in sER
- processed metabolites secreted into sinusoids (into circulation) or into space of disse (into lymph)
28
Functions of sER in hepatocytes
- detoxification of lipid soluble drugs and alcohol
- synthesis of chol and bile salts
- gluceronide conjugation of BR, steroids and drugs
- gluconeogenesis and breakdown of glycogen to glucose
- estero fixation of free fatty acids to triglycerides
- de-iodination of T3 and T4
29
Actions of testosterone
- inhibits LH secretion in the pituitary
- secreted by Sertoli cells into lumen of seminiferous tubules and excretory ducts to bind ABP
- with FSH, stim profil and growth of Sertoli cells during puberty
- stim spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules
30
Blood supply to kidney
- renal artery
- segmental artery
- inter lobar artery
- arcuate artery
- cortical radiate artery
- afferent arterioles
- glomerulus
- efferent arterioles
- Peritubular capillary
- venues
- cortical radiate veins
- arcuate veins
- interlobar veins
- renal vein
31
Layers of glomerular filtration barrier
- podocytes (foot processes, filtration slits)
- basement membrane
- fenestrated endothelium (negatively charged coat blocks large anionic proteins, large pores)
32
Functions of mesangial cells
- structural support
- phagocytic
- contractile (receptive to ang2)
- secretory (endothelin = vasoconstriction of aff and eff)
- proliferative
33
Ultra structure of cells of PCT
- prominent microvilli
- pinocytic vesicles
- lysosomes
- tight junctions leaky
- numerous mitochondria
34
Ultra structure of DCT cells
- well developed tight junctions
- many lateral membrane interdigitations
- many mitochondria
- few small microvilli
35
Structures in renal medulla
- collecting ducts
- thin limbs of Henley
- vasa recta
- interstitial cells
36
Components of juxtaglomerula apparatus
- macula densa
- extra glomerular mesangial cells
- juxtaglomerula cells
37
Function of conducting portion of resp system
- delivery of air to resp region
- filters out particulate matter
- warms and humidifies air
- smell
- phonation
38
Cells of resp epi
- ciliates columnar cells
- goblet cells
- basal cells
- small granule cells (neuroendocrine)
- brush cells
- serous cells
39
Innate pulm defenses
- trapping by mucus
- phagocytosis
- phagocytosis and lysis (neutrophils)
- complement activations
- migration to local lymph nodes
40
Components of blood air barrier
- type 1 pneumocyte
- BM
- capillary endothelial cell
41
Role of lung surfactant
- forms mono layer lining internal alveolar surface
- acts as detergent
- prevents collapse and facilitates expansion
- bactericidal effect
42
Contents of semen
- spermatozoa and fluid
- seminal fluid
- prostatic secretions
- bulbourethral mucous
43
Secretions of seminal vesicle
- fructose
- prostaglandins (stim tubular muscular contractions)
- fibrinogen
44
Secretions of bulbourethral glands
- galactose
- mucous
- sialic acid
45
Secretions of prostate
- acid phosphatase
- PSA
- amylase
- clotting enzymes
- fibronolysin
- alkaline
