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End Of Year > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

0
Q

Role of kupffer cells

A
  • phagocytotic

- ethanol, viruses and toxins induce them to produce pro inflam cytokines

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1
Q

Role of space of disse

A

Separates basolateral domain of hepatocyte from blood circulating in haptic sinusoid

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2
Q

Role of stellate cells

A
  • metabolism and storage of retinoids
  • produce extra cellular matrix
  • regulate blood flow in sinusoids
  • produce collagen in pathology
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3
Q

Origin if lymph in liver

A

Space of disse

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4
Q

3 patterns of liver lobular ion

A
  • endocrine (classic)
  • exocrine (portal lobule)
  • metabolic (liver acinar)
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5
Q

Role of zone 1

A
  • most metabolically active
  • very active phagocytosis
  • most active regenerative zone
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6
Q

Role of zone 3

A
  • glycolysis
  • ethanol and drug metabolism
  • lipid metabolism
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7
Q

Main pathway of ethanol metabolism

A

ADH pathway

  • oxidized to acetaldehyde and acetate in mitochindrion
  • mitochondrial damage
  • disrupts micro tubules
  • alters proteins
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8
Q

Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

A
  • in chronic uptake
  • produces acetaldehyde and oxygen free radicals
  • causes lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage
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9
Q

Components of testis and duct uses

A
  • testicular capsule (tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea)
  • seminiferous tubules
  • tubuli recti
  • rete testis (in mediastinum)
  • efferent ductules
  • epididymis
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10
Q

Histology of Sertoli cells

A
  • tall columnar cells
  • large nuclei
  • prominent nucleolus
  • deep cytoplasmic infoldings
  • extend cytoplasmic processes
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11
Q

Functions of Sertoli cells

A
  • support, protect and nourish developing spermatogenic cells
  • phagocytosis of residual bodies
  • facilitate release of spermatozoa (spermation)
  • form blood testis barrier
  • produce FAS ligand which eliminates T cell mediated immune response
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12
Q

Role of blood testis barrier

A
  • prevents proteins from reaching developing spermatogenic cells
  • prevents proteins in developing spermatogenic cells from leaking and triggering an immune response
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13
Q

Secretory functions of Sertoli cells

A
  • express testosterone and FSH receptors
  • secrete fluid
  • produce and secrete ABP
  • secrete inhibin and activin (FSH action)
  • secrete oestradiol
  • in fetus, secrete anti-mullerian hormone
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14
Q

3 stages of spermatogenesis

A
  • spermatocytogenesis
  • spermatocyte phase
  • spermiogenesis
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15
Q

Sub phases of prophase 1

A
  • leptotene
  • zygotene
  • pachytene
  • diplotene
  • diakinesis
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16
Q

Phases of spermiogenesis

A
  • Golgi
  • cap
  • acrosomal
  • maturation
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17
Q

Histology of leydig cells

A
  • large polygonal cells near capillaries
  • typical features of steroid producing cells
  • large pale vesicular nuclei
  • granular eosinophilic cytoplasm filled with oxidative enzymes
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18
Q

Functions of epididymis

A
  • secretory (carnitine, sialic acid)
  • peristaltic movement
  • spermatozoa gain forward motility
  • involved in sperm maturation
19
Q

Components of spermatic cord

A
  • vas deferens
  • cremaster muscle
  • spermatic artery
  • veins (pampiniform plexus)
20
Q

Erection

A
  • flaccid to hardened penis (engorgement of erectile tissue)
  • parasympathetically induced vasodilation of penile arterioles
  • loss of sympathetic tone to muscular stroma
21
Q

Lubrication

A
  • secretion of mucus from bulbourethral and urethral glands

- parasympathetically induced increased secretion of mucus

22
Q

Emission

A
  • emptying sperm and accessory gland secretions into urethra

- sympathetically induced contraction of walls of ducts and accessory glands

23
Q

Expulsion

A
  • forceful expulsion of semen from penis

- somatic (motor) induced contraction of skeletal muscles at base of penis

24
Q

Physiological effects of environmental estrogens on male reproductive system

A
  • reduced sperm counts
  • increased risk of testicular and prostatic cancer
  • abnormalities of male rep tract at birth
  • gender change (animals)
  • fewer male births
25
Q

Functions of the male reproductive tract

A
  • production of spermatozoa
  • conveying spermatozoa
  • maturation of spermatozoa
  • addition to luminal fluid, increase in motility
  • storage of sperm in epididymis and vas deferens
  • emptying contents into prostatic urethra
  • production of seminal and prostatic secretions and mixing with spermatozoa and fluid
  • emission and ejaculation
26
Q

Action of Viagra

A
  • maintains erection by inhibiting phosphodiesterase breakdown by cGMP induced by NO signaling
  • maintains vasodilation of he lucine and penile sinusoids
27
Q

Route of paracetamol through liver

A
  • absorbed through duodenum and enter via portal vein
  • processed in zone 3
  • detoxified via oxidative action of cytP450 in sER
  • processed metabolites secreted into sinusoids (into circulation) or into space of disse (into lymph)
28
Q

Functions of sER in hepatocytes

A
  • detoxification of lipid soluble drugs and alcohol
  • synthesis of chol and bile salts
  • gluceronide conjugation of BR, steroids and drugs
  • gluconeogenesis and breakdown of glycogen to glucose
  • estero fixation of free fatty acids to triglycerides
  • de-iodination of T3 and T4
29
Q

Actions of testosterone

A
  • inhibits LH secretion in the pituitary
  • secreted by Sertoli cells into lumen of seminiferous tubules and excretory ducts to bind ABP
  • with FSH, stim profil and growth of Sertoli cells during puberty
  • stim spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules
30
Q

Blood supply to kidney

A
  • renal artery
  • segmental artery
  • inter lobar artery
  • arcuate artery
  • cortical radiate artery
  • afferent arterioles
  • glomerulus
  • efferent arterioles
  • Peritubular capillary
  • venues
  • cortical radiate veins
  • arcuate veins
  • interlobar veins
  • renal vein
31
Q

Layers of glomerular filtration barrier

A
  • podocytes (foot processes, filtration slits)
  • basement membrane
  • fenestrated endothelium (negatively charged coat blocks large anionic proteins, large pores)
32
Q

Functions of mesangial cells

A
  • structural support
  • phagocytic
  • contractile (receptive to ang2)
  • secretory (endothelin = vasoconstriction of aff and eff)
  • proliferative
33
Q

Ultra structure of cells of PCT

A
  • prominent microvilli
  • pinocytic vesicles
  • lysosomes
  • tight junctions leaky
  • numerous mitochondria
34
Q

Ultra structure of DCT cells

A
  • well developed tight junctions
  • many lateral membrane interdigitations
  • many mitochondria
  • few small microvilli
35
Q

Structures in renal medulla

A
  • collecting ducts
  • thin limbs of Henley
  • vasa recta
  • interstitial cells
36
Q

Components of juxtaglomerula apparatus

A
  • macula densa
  • extra glomerular mesangial cells
  • juxtaglomerula cells
37
Q

Function of conducting portion of resp system

A
  • delivery of air to resp region
  • filters out particulate matter
  • warms and humidifies air
  • smell
  • phonation
38
Q

Cells of resp epi

A
  • ciliates columnar cells
  • goblet cells
  • basal cells
  • small granule cells (neuroendocrine)
  • brush cells
  • serous cells
39
Q

Innate pulm defenses

A
  • trapping by mucus
  • phagocytosis
  • phagocytosis and lysis (neutrophils)
  • complement activations
  • migration to local lymph nodes
40
Q

Components of blood air barrier

A
  • type 1 pneumocyte
  • BM
  • capillary endothelial cell
41
Q

Role of lung surfactant

A
  • forms mono layer lining internal alveolar surface
  • acts as detergent
  • prevents collapse and facilitates expansion
  • bactericidal effect
42
Q

Contents of semen

A
  • spermatozoa and fluid
  • seminal fluid
  • prostatic secretions
  • bulbourethral mucous
43
Q

Secretions of seminal vesicle

A
  • fructose
  • prostaglandins (stim tubular muscular contractions)
  • fibrinogen
44
Q

Secretions of bulbourethral glands

A
  • galactose
  • mucous
  • sialic acid
45
Q

Secretions of prostate

A
  • acid phosphatase
  • PSA
  • amylase
  • clotting enzymes
  • fibronolysin
  • alkaline

End Of Year (12 decks)

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