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End Of Year > Anatpath > Flashcards

Anatpath Flashcards

0
Q

Define tumour

A

Swelling of any kind

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1
Q

Define neoplasm

A

An abnormal growth whose growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue
- persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change

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2
Q

Difference between neoplasia and hyperplasia

A

neoplasia

  • appears to arise spontaneously
  • if stim is known, it is abnormal
  • progresses irrespective of stimulus (even if stim removed)

Hyperplasia

  • tends to be produced by a normal or physiological stim
  • related to degree of stim
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3
Q

Characteristics of benign tumours

A
  • slow growing (low mitotic rate)
  • well differentiated
  • grow expansively, compress surrounding tissue
  • encapsulated
  • remain localized to site of origin
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4
Q

Characteristics of malignant tumours

A
  • grow rapidly (except renal and thyroid carcinomas)
  • usually less well differentiated
  • enlarged nuclei (May be pleomorphic, clumping of chromatin, prominent nucleoli)
  • infiltrates adjacent tissue and vessels
  • spread to distant organs and tissues (metastasize)
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5
Q

4 categories of tissues of origin

A
  • epithelial
  • mesodermal
  • teratoma
  • embryonic
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6
Q

Two types of benign epithelial neoplasms

A
  • papilloma (squamous or transitional)

- adenoma (glandular)

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7
Q

Name of malignant epithelial neoplasms

A

Carcinomas (glandular and non-glandular)

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8
Q

Suffix for benign mesodermal neoplasms

A

-Oma

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9
Q

Suffix for malignant mesodermal neoplasms

A

-sarcoma

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10
Q

Origin of teratomas

A

From multi-potent stem cells

  • ectoderm
  • neuroectoderm
  • mesoderm
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11
Q

Suffix for malignant embryonic tumours

A
  • blastoma
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12
Q

5 terms to describe the macroscopic appearance of tumours

A
  • scirrhous
  • medullary
  • fungating
  • mucoid
  • annular
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13
Q

Scirrhous tumour

A

High content of dense fibrous tissue

- laid down by desmoplasia

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14
Q

Medullary tumour

A

Highly cellular with little intervening stromatolites connective tissue
- very soft in consistancy

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15
Q

Fungating tumour

A

Cauliflower-like mass projecting into the lumen of the bowel and from an epithelial surface

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16
Q

Mucoid tumour

A

Excess accumulation of mucin in the tumour which may be apparent macroscopically

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17
Q

Annular tumour

A

Usually malignant

- encircling the lumen of a hollow muscular organ (bowel)

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18
Q

5 terms to describe the microscopic features of tumours

A
  • anaplasia
  • differentiation
  • carcinoma in situ
  • signet ring
  • oat cell
19
Q

Anaplasia

A

Considerable variation in cell size and shape (pleomorphism), nuclear size and nucleocytoplasmic ratio

20
Q

Differentiation

A

The worse the differentiation, the poorer the prognosis

- poorly and undifferentiated tumours tend to show anaplasia

21
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

Intra-epithelial carcinoma

  • most commonly seen in uterine cervix
  • tumour cells confined by basement membrane
  • have not invaded or metastasized but show malignant cytology
22
Q

Signet ring carcinoma

A

Usually a gastric tumour which produces mucin which accumulates intracellulary
- pushes nucleus to one side

23
Q

Oat cell carcinoma

A

Common form of lung carcinoma

  • cells have barely detectable amounts of cytoplasm
  • nuclei round or slightly ovoid
24
Q

Routes of spread of malignant tumours

A
  • direct
  • lymphatic
  • blood
  • transcoelomic
25
Q

Two methods of lymphatic spread

A
  • lymphatic permeation (cells grow inside lymphatics as a continuous, slid cord of tumour) (lymphangitis carcinomatosa)
  • tumour embolisation (tumour cells break off and are carried to distant node)
26
Q

How blood spread occurs

A

Tumour cells infiltrate walls of small vessels and embolize to distant organs
- set up blood-borne metastases

27
Q

Systems through which blood spread can occur

A
  • portal circulation
  • systemic circulation
  • paravertebral venous plexus
28
Q

How transcoelomic spread occurs

A
  • carcinoma reaches serosal surface in peritoneal cavity

- cells break away and are carried in peritoneal fluid

29
Q

Osteosclerotic

A

Tumour cells stim the formation of dense new bone

- metastasis becomes visible on X-ray as a dense area

30
Q

Osetolytic

A
  • destruction of existing bone occurs with no replacement

- visible on X-ray as a translucent area

31
Q

Systemic effects of malignant tumours

A
  • anaemia
  • wasting
  • endocrine hormones
  • paraneoplastic syndromes
32
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Symptom complexes which are explained by the elaboration of hormones by the neoplasm which are extraordinary for the organ

33
Q

Explain tumour grading

A

Increases with the degree of imperfection of differentiation and mitotic rate

34
Q

Explain tumour staging

A

The extent of involvement if the body based on pathological and clinical assessments
- size and extent of spread through natural anatomical barriers

35
Q

Duke’s classification

A

A - carcinoma confined to muscle coat
B - through the muscle
C - lymph nodes involved

36
Q

TNM system

A

Tumour size
Extent of node involvement
Metastasis

37
Q

2 types of prostate tumours

A
  • nodular hyperplasia

- adenocarcinoma

38
Q

Morphology of nodular prostatic hyperplasia

A
  • involves inner portion of lateral or median lobes
  • affects both glandular and stromal elements
  • frequently produces a nodular appearance
39
Q

Effects of nodular prostatic hyperplasia

A

Bladder outlet obstruction causing:

  • hypertrophy of bladder musculature
  • chronic cystitis
  • acute urinary retention
40
Q

Morphology of prostatic adenoma raining

A
  • arises in peripheral portions of gland or in post lobe
  • adenocarcinoma with small acini
  • local spread typically includes perineural infiltration
41
Q

Places of metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

Frequent

  • pelvic and para-aortic nodes
  • bone (osteosclerotic)

Less frequent

  • lung
  • liver
  • adrenal gland
42
Q

Metaplasia

A

The reversible transformation of one type of mature cell type into another simpler type

43
Q

Dysplasia

A

Characterized by increased cell growth, architectural and cytological abnormalities

  • in early stages, may be reversible if stim removed
  • later stages are pre-neoplastic
44
Q

Natural barriers to infiltration by neoplastic cells

A
  • basement membranes (collagen and laminin)

- extra cellular matrix (collagen, proteoglycans and glycoproteins)

45
Q

Underlying mechanisms of invasion and metastasis

A
  • attachment if neoplastic cells to matrix components
  • enzymatic degradation of these matrix components creates a pathway through tissue (collagenase, elastase)
  • migration of neoplastic cells into tissues
  • vascular dissemination

End Of Year (12 decks)

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