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Anatpath Flashcards

0
Q

Define tumour

A

Swelling of any kind

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1
Q

Define neoplasm

A

An abnormal growth whose growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue
- persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change

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2
Q

Difference between neoplasia and hyperplasia

A

neoplasia

  • appears to arise spontaneously
  • if stim is known, it is abnormal
  • progresses irrespective of stimulus (even if stim removed)

Hyperplasia

  • tends to be produced by a normal or physiological stim
  • related to degree of stim
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3
Q

Characteristics of benign tumours

A
  • slow growing (low mitotic rate)
  • well differentiated
  • grow expansively, compress surrounding tissue
  • encapsulated
  • remain localized to site of origin
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4
Q

Characteristics of malignant tumours

A
  • grow rapidly (except renal and thyroid carcinomas)
  • usually less well differentiated
  • enlarged nuclei (May be pleomorphic, clumping of chromatin, prominent nucleoli)
  • infiltrates adjacent tissue and vessels
  • spread to distant organs and tissues (metastasize)
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5
Q

4 categories of tissues of origin

A
  • epithelial
  • mesodermal
  • teratoma
  • embryonic
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6
Q

Two types of benign epithelial neoplasms

A
  • papilloma (squamous or transitional)

- adenoma (glandular)

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7
Q

Name of malignant epithelial neoplasms

A

Carcinomas (glandular and non-glandular)

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8
Q

Suffix for benign mesodermal neoplasms

A

-Oma

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9
Q

Suffix for malignant mesodermal neoplasms

A

-sarcoma

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10
Q

Origin of teratomas

A

From multi-potent stem cells

  • ectoderm
  • neuroectoderm
  • mesoderm
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11
Q

Suffix for malignant embryonic tumours

A
  • blastoma
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12
Q

5 terms to describe the macroscopic appearance of tumours

A
  • scirrhous
  • medullary
  • fungating
  • mucoid
  • annular
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13
Q

Scirrhous tumour

A

High content of dense fibrous tissue

- laid down by desmoplasia

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14
Q

Medullary tumour

A

Highly cellular with little intervening stromatolites connective tissue
- very soft in consistancy

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15
Q

Fungating tumour

A

Cauliflower-like mass projecting into the lumen of the bowel and from an epithelial surface

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16
Q

Mucoid tumour

A

Excess accumulation of mucin in the tumour which may be apparent macroscopically

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17
Q

Annular tumour

A

Usually malignant

- encircling the lumen of a hollow muscular organ (bowel)

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18
Q

5 terms to describe the microscopic features of tumours

A
  • anaplasia
  • differentiation
  • carcinoma in situ
  • signet ring
  • oat cell
19
Q

Anaplasia

A

Considerable variation in cell size and shape (pleomorphism), nuclear size and nucleocytoplasmic ratio

20
Q

Differentiation

A

The worse the differentiation, the poorer the prognosis

- poorly and undifferentiated tumours tend to show anaplasia

21
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

Intra-epithelial carcinoma

  • most commonly seen in uterine cervix
  • tumour cells confined by basement membrane
  • have not invaded or metastasized but show malignant cytology
22
Q

Signet ring carcinoma

A

Usually a gastric tumour which produces mucin which accumulates intracellulary
- pushes nucleus to one side

23
Q

Oat cell carcinoma

A

Common form of lung carcinoma

  • cells have barely detectable amounts of cytoplasm
  • nuclei round or slightly ovoid
24
Routes of spread of malignant tumours
- direct - lymphatic - blood - transcoelomic
25
Two methods of lymphatic spread
- lymphatic permeation (cells grow inside lymphatics as a continuous, slid cord of tumour) (lymphangitis carcinomatosa) - tumour embolisation (tumour cells break off and are carried to distant node)
26
How blood spread occurs
Tumour cells infiltrate walls of small vessels and embolize to distant organs - set up blood-borne metastases
27
Systems through which blood spread can occur
- portal circulation - systemic circulation - paravertebral venous plexus
28
How transcoelomic spread occurs
- carcinoma reaches serosal surface in peritoneal cavity | - cells break away and are carried in peritoneal fluid
29
Osteosclerotic
Tumour cells stim the formation of dense new bone | - metastasis becomes visible on X-ray as a dense area
30
Osetolytic
- destruction of existing bone occurs with no replacement | - visible on X-ray as a translucent area
31
Systemic effects of malignant tumours
- anaemia - wasting - endocrine hormones - paraneoplastic syndromes
32
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Symptom complexes which are explained by the elaboration of hormones by the neoplasm which are extraordinary for the organ
33
Explain tumour grading
Increases with the degree of imperfection of differentiation and mitotic rate
34
Explain tumour staging
The extent of involvement if the body based on pathological and clinical assessments - size and extent of spread through natural anatomical barriers
35
Duke's classification
A - carcinoma confined to muscle coat B - through the muscle C - lymph nodes involved
36
TNM system
Tumour size Extent of node involvement Metastasis
37
2 types of prostate tumours
- nodular hyperplasia | - adenocarcinoma
38
Morphology of nodular prostatic hyperplasia
- involves inner portion of lateral or median lobes - affects both glandular and stromal elements - frequently produces a nodular appearance
39
Effects of nodular prostatic hyperplasia
Bladder outlet obstruction causing: - hypertrophy of bladder musculature - chronic cystitis - acute urinary retention
40
Morphology of prostatic adenoma raining
- arises in peripheral portions of gland or in post lobe - adenocarcinoma with small acini - local spread typically includes perineural infiltration
41
Places of metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma
Frequent - pelvic and para-aortic nodes - bone (osteosclerotic) Less frequent - lung - liver - adrenal gland
42
Metaplasia
The reversible transformation of one type of mature cell type into another simpler type
43
Dysplasia
Characterized by increased cell growth, architectural and cytological abnormalities - in early stages, may be reversible if stim removed - later stages are pre-neoplastic
44
Natural barriers to infiltration by neoplastic cells
- basement membranes (collagen and laminin) | - extra cellular matrix (collagen, proteoglycans and glycoproteins)
45
Underlying mechanisms of invasion and metastasis
- attachment if neoplastic cells to matrix components - enzymatic degradation of these matrix components creates a pathway through tissue (collagenase, elastase) - migration of neoplastic cells into tissues - vascular dissemination

End Of Year (12 decks)

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