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Phase 1 > public health > Flashcards

public health Flashcards

1
Q

what is teh biomedical model of health

A

diease is physical and can be rpaires thus way - ir fousceuss on diagnosing and curing

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2
Q

what is teh social model of health

A

gives thiught to a widd erange of factors and challanges body mind dualism

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3
Q

what are teh 4 compeonent f teh sick roll

A

they re exempt from normal socia roles, not responsibel fro tehir illness, should try to get well, shoyld seek help and coopirate wit teh he,p given

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4
Q

what is health as a state of socal functionign

A

yiu hace leatlth if you can do all of teh things tyou need to function in a normal society so yo cna be chronially ill t still have health

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5
Q

what is health as a persna strength or ability

A

focus on ow people repond to challanges, health is responding positivly to challanges

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6
Q

define illness

A

teh social lived experiance of teh perosn wit teh disease

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7
Q

define disease

A

teh tecinal malfunction o eth norm whihc is sciantifualy diagnosed

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8
Q

what is illness behavoius and sick role behavious

A

illness - seeking remedy

sick role - aimed at etting well

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9
Q

what are the three domains of public health

A

health protection, health imporovemtn, imporvieng services

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10
Q

what os teh geni coeffcant -

A

statisticl reprisentaiotn of teh nations income diversity, teh lowerer the copefficant teh greater the equality

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11
Q

what is eth inverse care law

A

availlabilty of good are is least availabele to thse who need it most

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12
Q

what is teh incidence rate

A

numebr of persons becoming cases divided b teh totla personal time risk

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13
Q

what are some notifiable diseases-

A

cholera, dysentry, malaria, rabies, yellow feverm scarlett fever, hepatitus, megingites

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14
Q

what are teh two different tyes of prevention

A

high risk groups

poppulaiton approach - target eveyone to reduce risk for everyone

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15
Q

what are the tpw diffeent levels of intervetion

A

population level - health propmotion to everyone

individual level - patient centered approach

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16
Q

what atre teh differnet stages of intervention called and what are they

A

nuffield ladder

do nothing, provide info, enable coice, provide choice, guide choice thugh changing teh default, guide choice by providing incentives, guide choice by providing disincentives, restrict choice, eliminate choice

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17
Q

what are the three theories of behavioiral change

A

transtheoreticla model, heath belife mode, thery of planned behvour

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18
Q

what is teh transtheoretical model

A

not thinking, thinking, preparing changes, action, maintiance,stable changed lifestyle

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19
Q

what is teh health belioef model

A

people must belive that;

THeyre suseptable to teh conndition, it has serious consequenes, taking aciton reduced risk its worth teh costs

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20
Q

what is teh theory of planned beaviour

A

teh best ppredictor f behavoiu is intetion whihc is determied by attitude torad it , pervieved socla pressure, abarirer to soacli action

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21
Q

what are teh 4 theories of causation

A

psychosocali - stress inhibits teh bodys natural responses
neomaterial - heierchacla societes are less lektly to invest proviison of public health
life course - combination of teh psychosocail and neomaterioeal
proportionsla unaversalism - focusing on teh disadvantaged only wont help to reduce inequlaity

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22
Q

what are thre e exapmles of reponses to healt hinaqualaties

A

ignazc semmelwies - campeigned for handwashing
the block report - poorer people behave in unhalthier ways
teh archerson report - income inquality should eb reduced, priorityr shoud be givesn to familys wit hchildren

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23
Q

what is teh oportunity cost and teh two approaches to it

A

teh cost of any descision is measuded n term of eh next best alternatibe taht had to be goen to make teh descicion
lowey - select a few from all treatment
efficancy - more from teh cheapest and igenore teh most expensive

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24
Q

what is ecoomic efficenat

A

resoures are allocated to maximise benefit - benefit means improved health

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25
Q 
what is cost -
minimisation
effectiveness 
utility 
benefit
A

Cost minimisation analysis – outcomes equivalent
• Cost effectiveness analysis – outcome measured in natural units
• Cost utility analysis – outcomes measured in QALY
• Cost benefit analysis – outcomes measured in monetary units

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26
Q

whatis teh who defornition of mental health

A

state of welel being where teh individual realises tehir wn abilitys and can cip ewot teh noral stresses of life

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27
Q

what are some recent gouvernment interventions to stopping smoking

A

2005- banned smoking in public places
2007 - someking age raised to 18
2016 - standadised plain packages

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28
Q

what is in a unit of alcohol

A

10ml or 8g of ethanol

29
Q

what is teh guidleens per week

A

14 units

30
Q

what is teh chain of infection

A

suseptable host, microorganis,, resivour, portal of exit, portal of entry, mode of transmission

31
Q

what are the tthree types of hand washing

A

1 - routine
2 - hygene antiseptics
3 - surigal hand scrub

32
Q

hat are some control measure againt dioreah

A

hand washig, safe waterm safe disposal of human waste, vaccination

33
Q

what are teh eintricnis and extrinsic tyes of ages

A

intrinsic - natura uiversal, inevitable

extrinsic - dependant on external factr liek UV

34
Q

what is teh katz ADL

A

a sacle to measure oh teh elderly are functioning - it includes - bating, dressing toilet use, transfeeing in and out clothes, urine and bowel continance

35
Q

wha is teh IADL scale and what is on there

A

instramnetal activiteis of daily living, use of teh telephone, travelling aroun, meal prep, medication use, money manegment , housework

36
Q

hat is eh medicalisation fo deah

A

seeing death as a faliure and not as a natural life course

37
Q

what did glaser and arauss say abotu dying

A

there are 4 awareness contexts - closed, suspicions, mutal, open

38
Q

what heppens with death in a hospice

A

open awarness and compassion, holisitc care,m modelled on family, emotional relationships

39
Q

what are the three models releated to stress and ilnes

A

general adaptation - you are alarmed, then you adapt, but this is exhasting

interaction model - its an interaction between teh perso and the enviromnet - uses coping mechanisms

stress ilness model - suseptability to illness is increase, causes strain on an individula and leads to psychologicla and psyciologicla chages

40
Q

wat is eh who efornition of pbesity

A

excessive fat accumulation due to being in a state of positive energy balance

41
Q

ehat are teh weight classes

A
  • <18.4 = underweight
  • 18.5-24.9 = normal
  • 25-29.9 = overweight
  • 30-34.9 = obese class I
  • 35-39.9 = obese class II
  • > 40 = obese class III
42
Q

what is teh runaway weight gain trian

A

teh theory taht obiesity is caused by a steep slope (obesogenic envirometn), ineffective breaks (knowledgem prejudice, and physioligy) and accelerator shihc as low socioeconimic status, ineffective dieting and psychoogcla impct

43
Q

what are teh direct and indirect factors promoting overeating

A

direct - anything relating to teh food onto teh receptors in teh stomahc
indirdct - metaboil, endocrine, cognitive

44
Q

whatis teh clorific value of prtois, carbs alhocil an triglycerides

A

protiens and carnd - 4 cal
alcohl - 7
fats 15

45
Q

what are soe ascpect of a good health care team

A

clear roles, mutual awarness fo each role knowledge sharing, shared goals, efecitve communication, postive attitude

46
Q

what are the 7 steos to pateint safety

A

build a safe culate, lead and support staff, intergrate risk manegmentm promoets reporting, involve and comunicate wit [atines, learna and sharre safety lessons , impelemtn solutins to prevent arm

47
Q

what are the three kinds of violation

A

routine - cut corners
necessayr - get teh job doen
optimising - for personal gain

48
Q

wha are the 5 types of human error

A

Errors of omission – required action is delayed or
not taken
• Errors of commission –wrong action taken
• Professional negligence – actions or omissions do
not meet the standards of an ordinary, skilled
professional who has competence
• Skill based errors– mistakes during routine tasks
due to poor concentration / distraction
• Rule/Knowledge based – inexperience leading to
incorrect course of action, often in complex tasks

49
Q

whata are nformation processing limitations

A

autmacity - doing tasks without thinkin
seslctive attention - limited attentional resources
cognitive bias - effects of previous memnories
transferringexperiance
coginitive experiances complex takss reqire higher demands

50
Q

what re teh two approache to managing errors `

A

person - focuses on blame abd shortcoeming
systems approach - advesre efefects are caused by many different factore, remocinv errr traps and strengthening defences

51
Q

what is ethics

A

attempting to understand taht nature of human values, how we ought to love and what is rigth and wrong

52
Q

what are the two etical arguments

A

top down - where one thry is applied to all

bottom up - using past medical probels to create guidance to new probelsms

53
Q

what is teh doctrine of dual effect

A

harmful effets are inseperable to good, if you carry out an action knowing hat x is likel thee kaw wil see yiu as intending to causes x
teh good has to outweigh teh bad

54
Q

what is meta etheics

A

findamental quations about what is rigth and wrong and good and bad

55
Q

what is normative ethics

A

focuses on teh act istelfm the personn perforning it and teh consequnces

56
Q

what is appleied wthics

A

ethical investigatins inot spctfic areas and attempting to deak with specif actions

57
Q

what are 5 ethical falacies

A

• Ad hominem – responding to arguments by attacking a person’s
character rather than their argument
• Authority claims – saying its correct because someone said so
• Begging the question – petition principii – assuming the initial point
to the argument
• Dissenters – identifying those who disagree does not prove the claim
is not valid
• Motherhoods – inserting a soft statement to disguise the disputable
one

58
Q

when can confideniality be broken

A

if requires by lae, patient conosents t sharing, its in teh pubic intrest as its a notifiable disease

59
Q

what are teh 4 main eithical theoriris

A

utilatarianism, deonotolgy, virtur eithics, khantism

60
Q

what is khantism

A

follwinf teh natureal laws of right and worng and if people have a goodpd will then its okay its follosing teh natureal laws of rigth and wrong

61
Q

what are teh wilson and unger criteriia fro screening tests

A

teh condition mustc be impoortant, recognisable early.
teh test must be sensitive, specific, inexpensive
teh post screenign optin must be effective

62
Q

what do specioficity and sensitivity test mean

A

sensitivity 0 a person with teh diesease actually showing up positive
specificity - a perosn wiout teh fisease testing negative

63
Q

what is teh postive predicitve value

A

teh protpportion of people with a positive test who actually he teh test

true positives/ all positives

64
Q

what is a systametic review and a meta analysis

A

systaamatic review - collect data and analyseotehr studies toidentify relevant informtion
meta analysis - summerise results of included studies statistically

65
Q

what is teh standard error

A

a measure of confidance that the mena of a smaple is close otteh real mean - SD/squae root of sample size

66
Q

what is a tyoe 1 and 2 error

A

1 - rejecting teh ull hypothesis when its ture

2 - faliure to reject teh null hypothessi whenits false

67
Q

what are teh 5 CAM things doe by teh NHS

A

accipuncture, homeophathy, herbal medicines, osteopathy, chiropracteric

68
Q

what is complimenty and alerative medicine

A

healing resources taht encompass all helath systems and therie theories and beliefs,

69
Q

what are teh three classification of teh house of lords report

A

1 - some scientific evidanc
2 - can be suportive when working alongsoide
3 - no evidance

Phase 1 (11 decks)

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