Histoltogy Flashcards
1
Q
what stain is to look for sugars in cells
A
periodic acid shift - stains it magenta
2
Q
what stains collagen, mucuos goblet cells and mast cell grnaules
A
alacian blue - stins ti blue
3
Q
what stains iron
A
perls shift - blue
4
Q
what stains chromatin, whiteblood cell granuels
A
romanosky stains
5
Q
function of cuboidal
A
secretes and absorbs
6
Q
function of collumnar
A
abrorbds and secretes mucous and enzymes
7
Q
finction of stratified epithelium
A
protection againt abrhasion
8
Q
what is uroepithelium
A
• This is found in the bladder and looks stratified but is actually partly pseudo stratified
There is one layer of cells on top as an umbrella but all the other cells are touching the basement membrane
9
Q
what stain is fro basement membrane
A
periodic acid shift stains it magenta
10
Q
what are teh stem cells fro connective tuissue
A
mesenchymal cells
11
Q
what are two cellular connective tissues
A
fibroblasts and adipose cells
12
Q
what are three visale fibres
A
collagen, elastin, reticulin
13
Q
what is tropocollagen
A
a triple helix of peptides
14
Q
what are teh 5 main tyoes of collagen
A
• 1 - skin and bone • 2 cartilage • 3 liver, bone marrow and spleen • 4 basement membranes 5 placenta
15
Q
what cells make collagen
A
fibroblasts
16
Q
how to tell teh difference betwween collagen and muscle fibres
A
in muscle fibres ther is always a nucleus in teh cells
17
Q
what stian is used to show up reticulin
A
silver stains, teh black lines are teh reticulin
18
Q
what cells produce elastin
A
fibroblasts
19
Q
is cartilage vascular?
A
no its avascular
20
Q
what cells make cartilage
A
chondrocytes
21
Q
what aer teh three types of cartilage
A
• Hyaline cartilage is found in the synovial joints and has a blueish matrix which contains chondrocytes which secreted it and then became trapped within it
• There are no visible fibres within the hyaline cartilage
• Elastic cartilage is found in the pinna and the epiglottis
• It has visible elastic fibres and has a perichondrium around the outside made up of fibroblasts and collagen
Fibrocartilage is found in the annulus fibrosus and the pubic symphysis it has visable fibres in it
22
Q
how can you tell eth difference between white and brown adipose tissue
A
white has just oe blod, brown has lots
23
Q
what is chromatin
A
nuclerur DNA and protiens
24
Q
what intermediate fibre is predmninantly foun in muscle
A
desmin
25
what is lipofusicn
a wear and tear pigamen made in myocytes
26
which tow protines are involved in cillia moevemtn
tubulin and dynein
27
what is it called when a gland secretes whole cells
holocrine
28
what froms ground substance
Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans form the ground substance
29
what is ground substance
he amorphous ground substance of connective tissue is a transparent material with the properties of a viscous solution or a highly hydrated thin gel - its is presant in loose connective tissues
30
where is elastic cartilage found
in teh epiglottis and in teh pinna of teh ear
31
where is fiberous cartibale found
symphysis puis and intervestebral disks
32
where is hyaline cartialeg found
nasal septum, joints
33
where is brown adipose tissue found in adults
between eth shoulder blades
34
what are teh three tyoes fo cartilage
hyaline cartilage - just normal cartilage, has blue dots in whihc are teh chondrocytes taht got stuck
elastic cartialge - is more lumpy and graiyl, there are teh elastic fibres
fiberocartilage - visable lines of cartilage
35
what are the layers of the blood vessles
basement membrane, endothelium, intima, interal elastic lamina, media, external elastic lamina, adventitia
36
what is teh defornition of an arteriole
3 or fewer muscel layers
37
what is teh function of pericytes
change teh lumen size of capilleries
38
what stain is used to show up myleins
silver stain
39
what structre is presant in arteries but not veins
external elastic lamina
40
what is teh difference between an elastic and muscluar artery
elastic have athicker media - more muecle layers
41
what are teh threee layers of a nerve starting from the inside
endonureium is inbetween individua axons, perineurium is between groups of axons to from fasticles, epineurium
42
do lymph vessles have valves
yes
43
what is teh most commen leukocyte
neutrophil
44
what si eh appearance of a neutrophil
multilobed nucelus
45
what are teh granuels in teh cytoplasm of teh neutrophills
primary - lysozones taht contain myloperoxidase
secondary - secrete inflamitory mediators
tertiary - adhesion molecuels
46
what are eosinopils fro
parasites and retricting inflamitory response
47
what do eosinophills look like
red cytoplasm and are binuclueated, tehy have lozenger shaped granules with crystaline cores
48
what are basophills for
inflamitory respone - contain granuels taht have histamien in
49
what is the appearance of basophills
bilobed nucleus, dark staining granuels that are very numerous making it look very BUSY
50
what does a monocyte look like
kidneybean shaed nucelus
51
what is teh stem cell for blood
heamocytoblast - teh same as a heamatopeoetic stem cell
52
what are teh two broad blood stem cell lineages
commen myloid progenator and commen lympohid
53
which blood cells are teh inly matures ones capable of cell division
lymphocytes
54
what deos a lymphocte look liek
massive nucelues
55
what are teh features of myocardial cells
straited, central nuculi, branching, intercalated disks
56
what can purkynje fibres be stained with
periodic acid shift
57
what type of cells make up the pericardium
simple squamous - because it comes form teh mesoderm, this si teh same as in teh pleura and peritoneium
58
what hormone does teh artia of teh heart release
The atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP) is a cardiac hormone which gene and receptors are widely present in the body. Its main function is to lower blood pressure and to control electrolyte homeostasis.
59
does cartilage have lymphatics\?
no
60
what is respiritory epithelium
pseudostratifies cilliated epithelium with interspersed goblet cells
61
what are the functions of respiritory epithelium
filter, humidifies, warms the air, important for olfaction,
62
where is respiritory epithelim found
The majority of the respiratory tree, from the nasal cavity to the bronchi, is lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. The bronchioles are lined by simple columnar to the cuboidal epithelium,
63
what are teh functions fo eth sinuses
act as a crumple zone, adds resonounce to the voice, lightens the skull, warms teh air
64
what is the layers ofeth larynx
respiritory epithelium, loose fibrocollagen, blood vessles and lymph, pericondrium connective tissue and hyaline
65
what layers are in eth vocal chords
stratifies squamous epithlium, loose irregular fiberour tissue ( this occupies rinkes space) tere are blood vessles but no lymph
66
layers of the trachea
• the trachea is supported by C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
It's also lined by RE and then a loose submucosa connective tissue, then it’s the perichondrium, then the cartilage, more perichondrium and then a thin loose connective tissue
67
what are teh specalised cells in the bronchioles
• Clara cells are in the terminal bronchioles are and cuboidal, have a pale staining cytoplasm, they have no cilia
Their purpose is uncertain but they are though to secrete a substance to protect agint lumina collapse
68
what is teh muscle and cartilage of teh respiritory brnchioles like
no cartilage, cilliated cuboidla epithelium, spirally aranged smoooth muscle,
69
how big are alvioli in diameter
250um
70
how much space does type 1 pneumocytes take up
90%
71
what are the 4 layers of the gas exchange
surfactant, type 1 pneumocyte, basement membrane, endothelail cell of a capillery
72
what2 things allow the alveolar to expand equily
lung surfactant, pors of khon (gas in eth walls)
73
what are the 8 layers of gas exchange
```
Surfactant
Plasma membrane of T1P
Cytoplasm of T1P
Plasma membrane of T1P
Basement membrane
Plasma membrane of VEC
Cytoplasm of VEC
Plasma membrane of VEC
```
74
what cartilage is in teh trachea
hyaline
75
what in the trachea is in teh gaps betwetween teh rings of cartilage
smooth muscle - trachealis
76
how thick is teh blood air barrier
600nm - 2um
77
what are teh three layers of the intestines
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria
78
what is teh intestinal submucosa made up of
smooth musclem autonomous immune system
79
what cells contract the intestines
ganglion cells
80
deos teh colon have villi
no
81
what are the circumvillate papillae
from a line between the anterior 2/3 and postior 1/3 of teh tounge
82
what do furifrom papillae do on teh tounge
roughen teh surface
83
what do mucosu glands lok like on a slide
clear cytoplasms
84
what lines teh ducts of teh oesophogus
squamous lined ducts
85
where oes auerbachs plexus lie i teh colon
in teh muscularis propria
86
what two nerve plexuses inorvate the GI tract
messiners plexus, whihc lies in the submucosa and auerbachs plexus which lies between eth layers of muscularis propria
87
what si very visable in heaptocytes
the nucleolus
88
what is teh journey of bile from hepatocytes
• Hepatocytes synthesise bile which drians into the canaliculi, then bile ducts, then trabeular ducts and then finally the bile ducts
89
what is teh epithelium in teh gall bladder
simple collumnar epithelium with microvilli to absorb teh water
90
what do ito cells do
store fat and vitamin A
91
what can be used to stain kupffer cels
perls stain beacue they store iron
92
can heaptocytes be binuculate
yes
93
what is the cisla difference between teh thick and thin loop of henle
thin is squamous, thic is cuboidal
94
what deos teh medulla contain
loops of henle and collecting ducts
95
what do mesangial cells do in teh kidneys
remove trapped residue from teh basement membrane of teh bowmans capsule and alos provide supprt
96
what froms teh granular cells
an expansion of the afferent arteriole
97
what epithelium is there in the proximal convoluted tubule
cuboidal with a brush boarder because tehre are lots of micro villi
98
what epithelium line teh thin and thick loop of henle
thixk - cuboidal
| thin - squamous
99
what are the two cell types in the collecting duct
principle and intercalated
100
does the distal convoluted tubue have a brush boarder
nope
101
how can teh cllecting ducts be recognised from the tubules
plumper cuboidal epithelium
102
list teh serir of blood vessles in the kidneys
interlobar turn into arcuate arteries, then into interlobularar then afferent arterioles
103
what is teh renal pelvis lined by
urothelium
104
what are teh layers of the ureters
transitional epithelium, longitudinal muscle, circualr muscel, loose adventitia
105
what are eh layers of the bladder
urohelium, lamina, uscosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, subserosa and surosa
106
how long are teh male and female uretres
5cm and males is 20cm
107
what are the different sections and liningf of teh female urethra
proximally transotional. distaly nnon keratanised stratified squamous
108
what are teh three sections of teh male urethra and what are they lined by
prostatic - urothelium
membranous - urothelium
penile - psudostratified proximally and straified distally
109
whihc part of teh kidney is sensitve to aldosterone
collecting ducts
110
where are leydig cells found
inbetween tubules
111
what are teh rete testes
receive luminal contents from seminiferous tubules and pass them ontowarsd teh epididymis
112
what cells are in teh epididimys
tall columnar cells with long cillia
113
what cells line teh vas deferons
pseudostratifies comulnar
114
how much doe steh prostate weigh
20g
115
what does teh prostate release to prevent clotting of teh semen
prostate specific enzyme
116
what is teh epithelium of teh seminal vesticlaes
non cilliated collumnar epithelium
117
what does FSH to teh granular cells
squmous to colummnar
118
what is in the corpus albicans
it is densely packed collagen
119
what are teh 4 sections of the fallopian tubes starting at the ovary
infindibulum - opening and has fibria
ampulla - expanded area
isthmus
intramural inside of teh uterine wall
120
what are teh two layers of endometrium
stratum basale - deeper layer
| stratum functionalis - the bit taht sheds
121
what is teh endocervix lined by
simple columnar cilliated, it has crypts presant
122
what is teh ectocervix lined by
non ceratanising stratified squamosu
123
what is teh vagina lined by
non keratanising stratified squamous
124
what are teh musclar oriontation of eth vaginal walls
smooth, inner circukar and outer longitudinal
125
where are teh mitochonidia foud in teh sperm
tehy are spiral shaped and are found in the mid piece
126
where does teh sperm mpve though afyer teh seminiferous tubules
The sperm moves from the seminiferous tubule to the striaght tubule to the rete testis to the efferent ductule to the epididymas to the vas deferosns
127
what is teh difference bweteen eh primordial and primary follicule
• The main difference between primordial follicle and primary follicle is that primordial follicle is a smaller, dormant follicle with a single layer of flattened granulosa cells whereas primary follicle is much larger, mitotic follicle with cuboidal granulosa cells.
128
are sertoli cells phagocytotic
yes
129
how many primprdial folliuces are presant at brith
400,000
130
what are the layers of teh epidermis
cornea, lucidem, granulosum , spinosum, basale
131
what two cell population make up the statrum basale
melanocytes and basal epithelium cells - these are teh stem cells
132
where s keratin made
teh stratum granulosum
133
wjat is the starum spinosum layer als called
teh prickle cell layer ebaus eit has lots of desmasomes
134
what are teh cells in teh spinosum layer of skin
langerhan cellls for antigen recognition and merkel clles for sensory
135
what are adenexe in teh epidermis
crypts in teh epidermis that contain hair cells and teh three kinds of sweat glands
136
what is teh most commen type of sweat glands
adenexae they do accrein secretions
137
what anchour teh epidermis ot teh dermis
rete pegs
138
what is teh dermis and what does it contain
loose connecitev tissue, fibroblasts, collagen , blood and lympg and nerves
139
what are teh two receptors in teh dermis
messiners - fine touch
| pacinian corpuscle - pressure
140
where is keratin made and what is it made from
stratim granulosum and made form tyrosine
141
where is teh melanin dounf
in teh keratonocytes
142
what are teh three kinds of sweat glands and soem information on eac
• There are three kinds of sweat glands - sebacious, apocrine and eccrine
• The sebacious ones discharge the whole cell (holocrine secretions)
• The apocrine accompany hair folliules and may produce pheremones
Apociren have a white appearance in the midde like they have 'apoptoed'
143
ehat is teh functional unit of teh breats
The functional component of the breast is the terminal duct lobular unit
144
what are commen featreus of endocrein tissues
highly vasulaerised, made of glandular epithelium,
145
what are the cell types in the anteriro pituitry gland, what are they surronded by
somatotrophs, lactotrophs, thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs, reticulin
146
what does teh thryoid secrete
thyroxine and calcatonin
147
what are teh large sacs in teh thyroid containing
colloid
148
what are teh trhee cell types in teh parathyroid
cheif cells - secrete PHT
ocxyphil - ha e a dark cytoplasm
adipocytes
149
what is teh cytoplasm of parathyri chief cells like
they have a scanty cytoplasm
150
what is the original substance for catecholocholine production
tyrosine
151
what is special aout teh blood supply to the anterior pituitry
it is portal from the hypothalamous
152
what do parital cells look liek
fried eggs - yummuy!
