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Phase 1 > Histoltogy > Flashcards

Histoltogy Flashcards

1
Q

what stain is to look for sugars in cells

A

periodic acid shift - stains it magenta

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2
Q

what stains collagen, mucuos goblet cells and mast cell grnaules

A

alacian blue - stins ti blue

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3
Q

what stains iron

A

perls shift - blue

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4
Q

what stains chromatin, whiteblood cell granuels

A

romanosky stains

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5
Q

function of cuboidal

A

secretes and absorbs

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6
Q

function of collumnar

A

abrorbds and secretes mucous and enzymes

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7
Q

finction of stratified epithelium

A

protection againt abrhasion

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8
Q

what is uroepithelium

A

• This is found in the bladder and looks stratified but is actually partly pseudo stratified
There is one layer of cells on top as an umbrella but all the other cells are touching the basement membrane

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9
Q

what stain is fro basement membrane

A

periodic acid shift stains it magenta

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10
Q

what are teh stem cells fro connective tuissue

A

mesenchymal cells

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11
Q

what are two cellular connective tissues

A

fibroblasts and adipose cells

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12
Q

what are three visale fibres

A

collagen, elastin, reticulin

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13
Q

what is tropocollagen

A

a triple helix of peptides

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14
Q

what are teh 5 main tyoes of collagen

A 
• 1 - skin and bone 
	• 2 cartilage
	• 3 liver, bone marrow and spleen
	• 4 basement membranes 
5 placenta
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15
Q

what cells make collagen

A

fibroblasts

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16
Q

how to tell teh difference betwween collagen and muscle fibres

A

in muscle fibres ther is always a nucleus in teh cells

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17
Q

what stian is used to show up reticulin

A

silver stains, teh black lines are teh reticulin

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18
Q

what cells produce elastin

A

fibroblasts

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19
Q

is cartilage vascular?

A

no its avascular

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20
Q

what cells make cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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21
Q

what aer teh three types of cartilage

A

• Hyaline cartilage is found in the synovial joints and has a blueish matrix which contains chondrocytes which secreted it and then became trapped within it
• There are no visible fibres within the hyaline cartilage
• Elastic cartilage is found in the pinna and the epiglottis
• It has visible elastic fibres and has a perichondrium around the outside made up of fibroblasts and collagen
Fibrocartilage is found in the annulus fibrosus and the pubic symphysis it has visable fibres in it

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22
Q

how can you tell eth difference between white and brown adipose tissue

A

white has just oe blod, brown has lots

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23
Q

what is chromatin

A

nuclerur DNA and protiens

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24
Q

what intermediate fibre is predmninantly foun in muscle

A

desmin

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25
Q

what is lipofusicn

A

a wear and tear pigamen made in myocytes

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26
Q

which tow protines are involved in cillia moevemtn

A

tubulin and dynein

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27
Q

what is it called when a gland secretes whole cells

A

holocrine

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28
Q

what froms ground substance

A

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans form the ground substance

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29
Q

what is ground substance

A

he amorphous ground substance of connective tissue is a transparent material with the properties of a viscous solution or a highly hydrated thin gel - its is presant in loose connective tissues

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30
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

in teh epiglottis and in teh pinna of teh ear

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31
Q

where is fiberous cartibale found

A

symphysis puis and intervestebral disks

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32
Q

where is hyaline cartialeg found

A

nasal septum, joints

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33
Q

where is brown adipose tissue found in adults

A

between eth shoulder blades

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34
Q

what are teh three tyoes fo cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage - just normal cartilage, has blue dots in whihc are teh chondrocytes taht got stuck
elastic cartialge - is more lumpy and graiyl, there are teh elastic fibres
fiberocartilage - visable lines of cartilage

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35
Q

what are the layers of the blood vessles

A

basement membrane, endothelium, intima, interal elastic lamina, media, external elastic lamina, adventitia

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36
Q

what is teh defornition of an arteriole

A

3 or fewer muscel layers

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37
Q

what is teh function of pericytes

A

change teh lumen size of capilleries

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38
Q

what stain is used to show up myleins

A

silver stain

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39
Q

what structre is presant in arteries but not veins

A

external elastic lamina

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40
Q

what is teh difference between an elastic and muscluar artery

A

elastic have athicker media - more muecle layers

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41
Q

what are teh threee layers of a nerve starting from the inside

A

endonureium is inbetween individua axons, perineurium is between groups of axons to from fasticles, epineurium

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42
Q

do lymph vessles have valves

A

yes

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43
Q

what is teh most commen leukocyte

A

neutrophil

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44
Q

what si eh appearance of a neutrophil

A

multilobed nucelus

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45
Q

what are teh granuels in teh cytoplasm of teh neutrophills

A

primary - lysozones taht contain myloperoxidase
secondary - secrete inflamitory mediators
tertiary - adhesion molecuels

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46
Q

what are eosinopils fro

A

parasites and retricting inflamitory response

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47
Q

what do eosinophills look like

A

red cytoplasm and are binuclueated, tehy have lozenger shaped granules with crystaline cores

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48
Q

what are basophills for

A

inflamitory respone - contain granuels taht have histamien in

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49
Q

what is the appearance of basophills

A

bilobed nucleus, dark staining granuels that are very numerous making it look very BUSY

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50
Q

what does a monocyte look like

A

kidneybean shaed nucelus

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51
Q

what is teh stem cell for blood

A

heamocytoblast - teh same as a heamatopeoetic stem cell

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52
Q

what are teh two broad blood stem cell lineages

A

commen myloid progenator and commen lympohid

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53
Q

which blood cells are teh inly matures ones capable of cell division

A

lymphocytes

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54
Q

what deos a lymphocte look liek

A

massive nucelues

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55
Q

what are teh features of myocardial cells

A

straited, central nuculi, branching, intercalated disks

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56
Q

what can purkynje fibres be stained with

A

periodic acid shift

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57
Q

what type of cells make up the pericardium

A

simple squamous - because it comes form teh mesoderm, this si teh same as in teh pleura and peritoneium

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58
Q

what hormone does teh artia of teh heart release

A

The atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP) is a cardiac hormone which gene and receptors are widely present in the body. Its main function is to lower blood pressure and to control electrolyte homeostasis.

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59
Q

does cartilage have lymphatics\?

A

no

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60
Q

what is respiritory epithelium

A

pseudostratifies cilliated epithelium with interspersed goblet cells

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61
Q

what are the functions of respiritory epithelium

A

filter, humidifies, warms the air, important for olfaction,

62
Q

where is respiritory epithelim found

A

The majority of the respiratory tree, from the nasal cavity to the bronchi, is lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. The bronchioles are lined by simple columnar to the cuboidal epithelium,

63
Q

what are teh functions fo eth sinuses

A

act as a crumple zone, adds resonounce to the voice, lightens the skull, warms teh air

64
Q

what is the layers ofeth larynx

A

respiritory epithelium, loose fibrocollagen, blood vessles and lymph, pericondrium connective tissue and hyaline

65
Q

what layers are in eth vocal chords

A

stratifies squamous epithlium, loose irregular fiberour tissue ( this occupies rinkes space) tere are blood vessles but no lymph

66
Q

layers of the trachea

A

• the trachea is supported by C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
It’s also lined by RE and then a loose submucosa connective tissue, then it’s the perichondrium, then the cartilage, more perichondrium and then a thin loose connective tissue

67
Q

what are teh specalised cells in the bronchioles

A

• Clara cells are in the terminal bronchioles are and cuboidal, have a pale staining cytoplasm, they have no cilia
Their purpose is uncertain but they are though to secrete a substance to protect agint lumina collapse

68
Q

what is teh muscle and cartilage of teh respiritory brnchioles like

A

no cartilage, cilliated cuboidla epithelium, spirally aranged smoooth muscle,

69
Q

how big are alvioli in diameter

A

250um

70
Q

how much space does type 1 pneumocytes take up

A

90%

71
Q

what are the 4 layers of the gas exchange

A

surfactant, type 1 pneumocyte, basement membrane, endothelail cell of a capillery

72
Q

what2 things allow the alveolar to expand equily

A

lung surfactant, pors of khon (gas in eth walls)

73
Q

what are the 8 layers of gas exchange

A 
Surfactant 
Plasma membrane of T1P
Cytoplasm of T1P
Plasma membrane of T1P
Basement membrane
Plasma membrane of VEC
Cytoplasm of VEC
Plasma membrane of VEC
74
Q

what cartilage is in teh trachea

A

hyaline

75
Q

what in the trachea is in teh gaps betwetween teh rings of cartilage

A

smooth muscle - trachealis

76
Q

how thick is teh blood air barrier

A

600nm - 2um

77
Q

what are teh three layers of the intestines

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria

78
Q

what is teh intestinal submucosa made up of

A

smooth musclem autonomous immune system

79
Q

what cells contract the intestines

A

ganglion cells

80
Q

deos teh colon have villi

A

no

81
Q

what are the circumvillate papillae

A

from a line between the anterior 2/3 and postior 1/3 of teh tounge

82
Q

what do furifrom papillae do on teh tounge

A

roughen teh surface

83
Q

what do mucosu glands lok like on a slide

A

clear cytoplasms

84
Q

what lines teh ducts of teh oesophogus

A

squamous lined ducts

85
Q

where oes auerbachs plexus lie i teh colon

A

in teh muscularis propria

86
Q

what two nerve plexuses inorvate the GI tract

A

messiners plexus, whihc lies in the submucosa and auerbachs plexus which lies between eth layers of muscularis propria

87
Q

what si very visable in heaptocytes

A

the nucleolus

88
Q

what is teh journey of bile from hepatocytes

A

• Hepatocytes synthesise bile which drians into the canaliculi, then bile ducts, then trabeular ducts and then finally the bile ducts

89
Q

what is teh epithelium in teh gall bladder

A

simple collumnar epithelium with microvilli to absorb teh water

90
Q

what do ito cells do

A

store fat and vitamin A

91
Q

what can be used to stain kupffer cels

A

perls stain beacue they store iron

92
Q

can heaptocytes be binuculate

A

yes

93
Q

what is the cisla difference between teh thick and thin loop of henle

A

thin is squamous, thic is cuboidal

94
Q

what deos teh medulla contain

A

loops of henle and collecting ducts

95
Q

what do mesangial cells do in teh kidneys

A

remove trapped residue from teh basement membrane of teh bowmans capsule and alos provide supprt

96
Q

what froms teh granular cells

A

an expansion of the afferent arteriole

97
Q

what epithelium is there in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

cuboidal with a brush boarder because tehre are lots of micro villi

98
Q

what epithelium line teh thin and thick loop of henle

A

thixk - cuboidal

thin - squamous

99
Q

what are the two cell types in the collecting duct

A

principle and intercalated

100
Q

does the distal convoluted tubue have a brush boarder

A

nope

101
Q

how can teh cllecting ducts be recognised from the tubules

A

plumper cuboidal epithelium

102
Q

list teh serir of blood vessles in the kidneys

A

interlobar turn into arcuate arteries, then into interlobularar then afferent arterioles

103
Q

what is teh renal pelvis lined by

A

urothelium

104
Q

what are teh layers of the ureters

A

transitional epithelium, longitudinal muscle, circualr muscel, loose adventitia

105
Q

what are eh layers of the bladder

A

urohelium, lamina, uscosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, subserosa and surosa

106
Q

how long are teh male and female uretres

A

5cm and males is 20cm

107
Q

what are the different sections and liningf of teh female urethra

A

proximally transotional. distaly nnon keratanised stratified squamous

108
Q

what are teh three sections of teh male urethra and what are they lined by

A

prostatic - urothelium
membranous - urothelium
penile - psudostratified proximally and straified distally

109
Q

whihc part of teh kidney is sensitve to aldosterone

A

collecting ducts

110
Q

where are leydig cells found

A

inbetween tubules

111
Q

what are teh rete testes

A

receive luminal contents from seminiferous tubules and pass them ontowarsd teh epididymis

112
Q

what cells are in teh epididimys

A

tall columnar cells with long cillia

113
Q

what cells line teh vas deferons

A

pseudostratifies comulnar

114
Q

how much doe steh prostate weigh

A

20g

115
Q

what does teh prostate release to prevent clotting of teh semen

A

prostate specific enzyme

116
Q

what is teh epithelium of teh seminal vesticlaes

A

non cilliated collumnar epithelium

117
Q

what does FSH to teh granular cells

A

squmous to colummnar

118
Q

what is in the corpus albicans

A

it is densely packed collagen

119
Q

what are teh 4 sections of the fallopian tubes starting at the ovary

A

infindibulum - opening and has fibria
ampulla - expanded area
isthmus
intramural inside of teh uterine wall

120
Q

what are teh two layers of endometrium

A

stratum basale - deeper layer

stratum functionalis - the bit taht sheds

121
Q

what is teh endocervix lined by

A

simple columnar cilliated, it has crypts presant

122
Q

what is teh ectocervix lined by

A

non ceratanising stratified squamosu

123
Q

what is teh vagina lined by

A

non keratanising stratified squamous

124
Q

what are teh musclar oriontation of eth vaginal walls

A

smooth, inner circukar and outer longitudinal

125
Q

where are teh mitochonidia foud in teh sperm

A

tehy are spiral shaped and are found in the mid piece

126
Q

where does teh sperm mpve though afyer teh seminiferous tubules

A

The sperm moves from the seminiferous tubule to the striaght tubule to the rete testis to the efferent ductule to the epididymas to the vas deferosns

127
Q

what is teh difference bweteen eh primordial and primary follicule

A

• The main difference between primordial follicle and primary follicle is that primordial follicle is a smaller, dormant follicle with a single layer of flattened granulosa cells whereas primary follicle is much larger, mitotic follicle with cuboidal granulosa cells.

128
Q

are sertoli cells phagocytotic

A

yes

129
Q

how many primprdial folliuces are presant at brith

A

400,000

130
Q

what are the layers of teh epidermis

A

cornea, lucidem, granulosum , spinosum, basale

131
Q

what two cell population make up the statrum basale

A

melanocytes and basal epithelium cells - these are teh stem cells

132
Q

where s keratin made

A

teh stratum granulosum

133
Q

wjat is the starum spinosum layer als called

A

teh prickle cell layer ebaus eit has lots of desmasomes

134
Q

what are teh cells in teh spinosum layer of skin

A

langerhan cellls for antigen recognition and merkel clles for sensory

135
Q

what are adenexe in teh epidermis

A

crypts in teh epidermis that contain hair cells and teh three kinds of sweat glands

136
Q

what is teh most commen type of sweat glands

A

adenexae they do accrein secretions

137
Q

what anchour teh epidermis ot teh dermis

A

rete pegs

138
Q

what is teh dermis and what does it contain

A

loose connecitev tissue, fibroblasts, collagen , blood and lympg and nerves

139
Q

what are teh two receptors in teh dermis

A

messiners - fine touch

pacinian corpuscle - pressure

140
Q

where is keratin made and what is it made from

A

stratim granulosum and made form tyrosine

141
Q

where is teh melanin dounf

A

in teh keratonocytes

142
Q

what are teh three kinds of sweat glands and soem information on eac

A

• There are three kinds of sweat glands - sebacious, apocrine and eccrine
• The sebacious ones discharge the whole cell (holocrine secretions)
• The apocrine accompany hair folliules and may produce pheremones
Apociren have a white appearance in the midde like they have ‘apoptoed’

143
Q

ehat is teh functional unit of teh breats

A

The functional component of the breast is the terminal duct lobular unit

144
Q

what are commen featreus of endocrein tissues

A

highly vasulaerised, made of glandular epithelium,

145
Q

what are the cell types in the anteriro pituitry gland, what are they surronded by

A

somatotrophs, lactotrophs, thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs, reticulin

146
Q

what does teh thryoid secrete

A

thyroxine and calcatonin

147
Q

what are teh large sacs in teh thyroid containing

A

colloid

148
Q

what are teh trhee cell types in teh parathyroid

A

cheif cells - secrete PHT
ocxyphil - ha e a dark cytoplasm
adipocytes

149
Q

what is teh cytoplasm of parathyri chief cells like

A

they have a scanty cytoplasm

150
Q

what is the original substance for catecholocholine production

A

tyrosine

151
Q

what is special aout teh blood supply to the anterior pituitry

A

it is portal from the hypothalamous

152
Q

what do parital cells look liek

A

fried eggs - yummuy!

Phase 1 (11 decks)

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