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Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

foveolar cells -Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Cardia and drips the mucas down the sides
Mucus - duh
Protects the cells of the stomach by being alakaline
N

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2
Q

parietal cell
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Mainly in the body and fundus

HCl and intrinsic factor

HCL - produces low pH
IF - helps absorb B12

E

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3
Q

chief cell
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Fundus and body

Pepsinogen

Gets cinverted to pepsin in the low pH f the stomach and is an enzyme for protine catabolism

E

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4
Q

Enterochromaffin (EC)

Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Serotonin

Inhibits gastric acid secretion

I

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5
Q 
Enterochromaffin like (ECl)
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Histamine

Increse gastric acid production

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6
Q

g cell
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

ANTRUM!!!

Gastrin (hormone)

Stimulates ECL cells, and gastic acid production and pepsinogen

released into the blood not teh lumen

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7
Q

s cell
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Duodenum

Secretin

Inhibits gastric acid

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8
Q

d cell
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

Inhibitoy, exitatotry or neither of digestion

A

Duodenum

Somatostatin

Reduce gastric secretions suhc as secretin, gastrien and also gastric motility

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9
Q 
I cell 
#Where its located

What it releases

What this does

Inhibitoy, exitatotry or neither of digestion

A

Duodenum

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Causes the gall bladder to contract, and also the pancreas to release juice

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10
Q

what is the duct systems anatomy?

A

acini - intercalated - striated, interlobular

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11
Q

what do teh striated ducts d

A

absorb NaCl

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12
Q

what is the orla pH

A

7.2

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13
Q

what do serous salovery secretions include

A

amylase

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14
Q

what does the partotid, submantibular and sublingual clangs secrete?

A

Parotis id serous, submandibular is both and sublingual is mucous

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15
Q

which of the salivary glands are constantly active?

A

sublingual and submandibular

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16
Q

what inorvates the parotid duct

A

9th cranial nerve

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17
Q

what inorvates the sublingula and submandibular glands

A

facial nerve - chorda tympani branch

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18
Q

what do the sublingual secretions move though

A

whartons duct

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19
Q

what are teh pacemaker cells of the stomach?

A

interstitial cells of cajhal

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20
Q

what is the volume of teh stomach empty, what is ti full

A

50ml

1.5 litres

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21
Q

what allows teh stomach to stretch

A

RUGGEA!!!!

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22
Q

where are interstitial cells of cajhal located

A

longitudinal smooth muscle

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23
Q

what are the three layers of the stomach muscles strating from teh lumen

A

obluiqe, circular, longitudinal

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24
Q

how many stonach contractions per min

A

3

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25
what is gastroparesis
delayed gastic emptying
26
what happens in teh cephalic phase
• Stimulates the vagus nere wwhihc rlease Ach • This has an indirect effect on the g cells that are present • Gastirn and histamine begi to be releasd Ther overall effe t is increaed acid production
27
what happens in teh gastric phase?
• Gasticr distention is picked up by mechanoreceptors • There are vagovalva reflexes • The protiens stimulate the production of gastirn • The ph rises as the food soaks it up this activates g cells which means triggers histamine to be released whichtiggers the release of more acid from the parietal cells It reduces the somatostatin being released
28
what happens in teh intestinal phase of digestion
* In the interstitial phase there is chyme in the duodenuk and the recence of fats as wel * It is stimulated by a low ph and the release of intestinal gastrin * Overall there will be a decrease n acid secretion as the food is being movedt tgough
29
what are two enterogastrones
secretin and CCK - both inhibitory
30
what is an ulcer
a breach in teh mucosla lining
31
how do NSAIDs causes ulcers
inhibit COX1 whihc normally stimulates mucas secretion
32
what aer two defences agaisnt gastic acid
alkaline mucas and tight junctions
33
how does halobacter pylori infections cause ulcers
secretes urase whihc turns into CO2 and NH3 whihc kills the mucosal cells
34
what 3 ways do peptides regulate the GI tract
• Endocreine - these are substances which are specific to the stomach • Paracrine - detectino of nutrients Neurocrine - sensory neuorn which can detect tention pressure and stretch
35
what does Vasoactive intestinal peptide do
• Vasoactive intestinal peptide - stimulats secretion innintestibal glands, dilates capileliers, inhibits acid producino
36
what do Pancreatic islett cells secrete
alpha secreet glucagon and beta secrete insulin
37
name two protylitic enzymes
• Trypsin and chymotipsin are some of the enzymes reeleased and are used to break down protiens
38
what activates trypsinogen and chymotripsinogen
Enterokinase is found on the epithelial walls and can activate the deactivated states of
39
what is teh function of amylase and what cant it do
breaks strach into maltose - • Monosaccorides cnat be produced by amylase, this happens layer on in the microvilli
40
what do i cells release and what is this stimulated by
cholocystokinin - stimulated by low pH, fates presant in teh duodenum
41
how many amino acids are there | how many are essential
20 | 8
42
how much HCL is made a day
2l
43
how is the HCL made
Carbonic acid reaction takes place and then HCO3- is swapped for Cl- from teh capillery lumen , H+ is swapped into the stomach lumen in exchange for K+
44
what stimulates HCl being made
gastrin, histamine, ACh
45
what inhibits HCl production
ntestinal horones suhc as secretin and somatostatin and then prostoglandins
46
what is a zymogen
an inactive form
47
what is are endopeptidases and some examples
• Endopeptidases - split polypeptides internal bonds, not the end ones - trypsin, chymotrypsin and elsatase
48
what are exopeptidases
An exopeptidase is any peptidase that catalyzes the cleavage of the terminal (or the penultimate) peptide bond; the process releases a single amino acid
49
how are protiens absorbed
• Nak ATPase pumps creae a gradietn that the peptides can be co transported alsonside Na+ with
50
what is an oligosaccoride
Oligosaccorides- several sugars linked together
51
what is the average fat intake daily?
70-190g
52
wha t are teh three tyoes of lipase?
linguanal, gastic and pancreatic
53
wheer are fats mainly reabsorbed
the illiuem
54
what is teh process of fat absorption
* Micells are not absorbed, they are brken bac down into fatty acids and the absorbed after this # * Fatty acids can diffuse acros the hospholipid bilauer * Rtiglycerides are resynthesised from monoglycerides and fatty acids * Fat droplets are the smooth ER breekas doen the fats into components and can reform them again * In the golgi apperatus they are modified into chylomicrons (VSL packages these contain phosopholipdsane * and protiens, cholesterol and ADEK vitamins * These are exocytosed into the lympatic system * Lacteals ae the capilleries of the lymphatic system * Bit is blocked from going into the capilleries by the basement membrane * Lymph eventually drains into viens
55
what happes to teh fatty acids in teh adipocytes
FAs diffuse into adipocytes to combine with a-glycerol phosphate • Alpha-glycerol phosphate is produced during glycolysis • Glucose is essential for triglyceride synthesis in adipocytes as they do not contain the enzyme to phosphorylate glycerol to alpha-glycerol • Glycerol is only produced from dihydroxyacetone phosphate
56
what are the three main sources of fatty acids
Glucose that enters adipose tissue is broken down to provide building blocks for synthesis of fatty acids 2. Glucose that is used in the liver to form VLDL triglycerides which are transported in the blood and taken up by adipocytes 3. Ingested triglycerides transported in the blood in chylomicrons and taken up by adipocytes
57
how many litres of water move tohughteh ailamentry canal
9l
58
how much water is reabsorbed
8.5l
59
where is most of teh water rabsorbed
teh samll intestine
60
what factors intake water absorption
lood flow, nutrient intake, GI \motility
61
what is teh equation for BMI
• BMI is the weight/hrigth^2
62
how much glacagon cna be stored in muscle
200g
63
what two hormones control apitite
• Leptin - release from adipocytes and supresses appitite | Ghrelin - released by the stomach and stimulates appitite

Phase 1 (11 decks)

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