Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 1 > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

foveolar cells -Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Cardia and drips the mucas down the sides
Mucus - duh
Protects the cells of the stomach by being alakaline
N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

parietal cell
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Mainly in the body and fundus

HCl and intrinsic factor

HCL - produces low pH
IF - helps absorb B12

E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chief cell
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Fundus and body

Pepsinogen

Gets cinverted to pepsin in the low pH f the stomach and is an enzyme for protine catabolism

E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Enterochromaffin (EC)

Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Serotonin

Inhibits gastric acid secretion

I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
Enterochromaffin like (ECl)
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Histamine

Increse gastric acid production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

g cell
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

ANTRUM!!!

Gastrin (hormone)

Stimulates ECL cells, and gastic acid production and pepsinogen

released into the blood not teh lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

s cell
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

A

Duodenum

Secretin

Inhibits gastric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

d cell
Where its located

What it releases

What this does

Inhibitoy, exitatotry or neither of digestion

A

Duodenum

Somatostatin

Reduce gastric secretions suhc as secretin, gastrien and also gastric motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
I cell 
#Where its located

What it releases

What this does

Inhibitoy, exitatotry or neither of digestion

A

Duodenum

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Causes the gall bladder to contract, and also the pancreas to release juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the duct systems anatomy?

A

acini - intercalated - striated, interlobular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do teh striated ducts d

A

absorb NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the orla pH

A

7.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do serous salovery secretions include

A

amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the partotid, submantibular and sublingual clangs secrete?

A

Parotis id serous, submandibular is both and sublingual is mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which of the salivary glands are constantly active?

A

sublingual and submandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what inorvates the parotid duct

A

9th cranial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what inorvates the sublingula and submandibular glands

A

facial nerve - chorda tympani branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do the sublingual secretions move though

A

whartons duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are teh pacemaker cells of the stomach?

A

interstitial cells of cajhal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the volume of teh stomach empty, what is ti full

A

50ml

1.5 litres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what allows teh stomach to stretch

A

RUGGEA!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where are interstitial cells of cajhal located

A

longitudinal smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the three layers of the stomach muscles strating from teh lumen

A

obluiqe, circular, longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how many stonach contractions per min

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is gastroparesis

A

delayed gastic emptying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what happens in teh cephalic phase

A

• Stimulates the vagus nere wwhihc rlease Ach
• This has an indirect effect on the g cells that are present
• Gastirn and histamine begi to be releasd
Ther overall effe t is increaed acid production

27
Q

what happens in teh gastric phase?

A

• Gasticr distention is picked up by mechanoreceptors
• There are vagovalva reflexes
• The protiens stimulate the production of gastirn
• The ph rises as the food soaks it up this activates g cells which means triggers histamine to be released whichtiggers the release of more acid from the parietal cells
It reduces the somatostatin being released

28
Q

what happens in teh intestinal phase of digestion

A
  • In the interstitial phase there is chyme in the duodenuk and the recence of fats as wel
    • It is stimulated by a low ph and the release of intestinal gastrin
    • Overall there will be a decrease n acid secretion as the food is being movedt tgough
29
Q

what are two enterogastrones

A

secretin and CCK - both inhibitory

30
Q

what is an ulcer

A

a breach in teh mucosla lining

31
Q

how do NSAIDs causes ulcers

A

inhibit COX1 whihc normally stimulates mucas secretion

32
Q

what aer two defences agaisnt gastic acid

A

alkaline mucas and tight junctions

33
Q

how does halobacter pylori infections cause ulcers

A

secretes urase whihc turns into CO2 and NH3 whihc kills the mucosal cells

34
Q

what 3 ways do peptides regulate the GI tract

A

• Endocreine - these are substances which are specific to the stomach
• Paracrine - detectino of nutrients
Neurocrine - sensory neuorn which can detect tention pressure and stretch

35
Q

what does Vasoactive intestinal peptide do

A

• Vasoactive intestinal peptide - stimulats secretion innintestibal glands, dilates capileliers, inhibits acid producino

36
Q

what do Pancreatic islett cells secrete

A

alpha secreet glucagon and beta secrete insulin

37
Q

name two protylitic enzymes

A

• Trypsin and chymotipsin are some of the enzymes reeleased and are used to break down protiens

38
Q

what activates trypsinogen and chymotripsinogen

A

Enterokinase is found on the epithelial walls and can activate the deactivated states of

39
Q

what is teh function of amylase and what cant it do

A

breaks strach into maltose - • Monosaccorides cnat be produced by amylase, this happens layer on in the microvilli

40
Q

what do i cells release and what is this stimulated by

A

cholocystokinin - stimulated by low pH, fates presant in teh duodenum

41
Q

how many amino acids are there

how many are essential

A

20

8

42
Q

how much HCL is made a day

A

2l

43
Q

how is the HCL made

A

Carbonic acid reaction takes place and then HCO3- is swapped for Cl- from teh capillery lumen , H+ is swapped into the stomach lumen in exchange for K+

44
Q

what stimulates HCl being made

A

gastrin, histamine, ACh

45
Q

what inhibits HCl production

A

ntestinal horones suhc as secretin and somatostatin and then prostoglandins

46
Q

what is a zymogen

A

an inactive form

47
Q

what is are endopeptidases and some examples

A

• Endopeptidases - split polypeptides internal bonds, not the end ones - trypsin, chymotrypsin and elsatase

48
Q

what are exopeptidases

A

An exopeptidase is any peptidase that catalyzes the cleavage of the terminal (or the penultimate) peptide bond; the process releases a single amino acid

49
Q

how are protiens absorbed

A

• Nak ATPase pumps creae a gradietn that the peptides can be co transported alsonside Na+ with

50
Q

what is an oligosaccoride

A

Oligosaccorides- several sugars linked together

51
Q

what is the average fat intake daily?

A

70-190g

52
Q

wha t are teh three tyoes of lipase?

A

linguanal, gastic and pancreatic

53
Q

wheer are fats mainly reabsorbed

A

the illiuem

54
Q

what is teh process of fat absorption

A
  • Micells are not absorbed, they are brken bac down into fatty acids and the absorbed after this #
    • Fatty acids can diffuse acros the hospholipid bilauer
    • Rtiglycerides are resynthesised from monoglycerides and fatty acids
    • Fat droplets are the smooth ER breekas doen the fats into components and can reform them again
    • In the golgi apperatus they are modified into chylomicrons (VSL packages these contain phosopholipdsane
    • and protiens, cholesterol and ADEK vitamins
    • These are exocytosed into the lympatic system
    • Lacteals ae the capilleries of the lymphatic system
    • Bit is blocked from going into the capilleries by the basement membrane
    • Lymph eventually drains into viens
55
Q

what happes to teh fatty acids in teh adipocytes

A

FAs diffuse into adipocytes to combine with a-glycerol phosphate
• Alpha-glycerol phosphate is produced during glycolysis
• Glucose is essential for triglyceride synthesis in adipocytes as
they do not contain the enzyme to phosphorylate glycerol to
alpha-glycerol
• Glycerol is only produced from dihydroxyacetone phosphate

56
Q

what are the three main sources of fatty acids

A

Glucose that enters adipose tissue is broken down to
provide building blocks for synthesis of fatty acids
2. Glucose that is used in the liver to form VLDL
triglycerides which are transported in the blood and
taken up by adipocytes
3. Ingested triglycerides transported in the blood in
chylomicrons and taken up by adipocytes

57
Q

how many litres of water move tohughteh ailamentry canal

A

9l

58
Q

how much water is reabsorbed

A

8.5l

59
Q

where is most of teh water rabsorbed

A

teh samll intestine

60
Q

what factors intake water absorption

A

lood flow, nutrient intake, GI \motility

61
Q

what is teh equation for BMI

A

• BMI is the weight/hrigth^2

62
Q

how much glacagon cna be stored in muscle

A

200g

63
Q

what two hormones control apitite

A

• Leptin - release from adipocytes and supresses appitite

Ghrelin - released by the stomach and stimulates appitite

Phase 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions