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Phase 1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pyrimideal tract?

A

they run though te pyramids of teh medulla nd are responsible for voluntary muscle controll

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2
Q

what are the extra pyrimidal tracts

A

they dont travel though the pyramids and are important fro involuntary controll and modulation such as balance. they originate in the spinal tract

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3
Q

what are the teo division of teh pyrimideal tracts and their functions

A

corticospinal tract - pass from the cortex to the lower motor neurons in the spinal chord, 75% cross over in the hpyramids, 25% cintinue ipsilaterally
import\tn for controll of teh muscels of teh lower body
corticobulbar - control of the face and neck muscles - the upper motor neurons synapse in the medulla. inervation is mostly bilateral but 7 and 12 are contralateral.

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4
Q

when in teh feuotus do cells being to mylenate

A

thrird trimester

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5
Q

what are the 5 processes of a symapse

A

Manufacture, storage, release, interaction, inactivation

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6
Q

what are the two types of post synaptic receptros

A

• Ionotropic receptors are the ligand gated channels, are rapid and short acting
Metabotropic are g protein coupled receptors, act though secondary messengers, are slow and have a longer response

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7
Q

how many spinal nerves are there, and where do tehy come from

A

31

• 8 cervical nerves 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccyx

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8
Q

descriev cervival, thorassic and lumbar veribra differences

A

• Cervi Aval vertebra - have transvers foramen at the sides for the vertebral artery’s to run though, they have a bifid spinous process (apart form C7)
• Thoracic vertebra - circular vertebral foramina, have costal facets for the ribs to attach to,
Lumbar vertebra - thick and broad, triangular vertebral foramina

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9
Q

what does teh inside ofteh end of teh spinal column look like

A

• The spinal cord ends at the conus medullaris and has a strand of fibrous tissue (the pia marter continues) that forms the filum terminal
Extra nerves hang down which forms the cauda equina

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10
Q

what are the teh three layer of teh neuron

A

• Epineurium - outermost layer
• Perineurium - cover each facials made up of several layers of epithelium
Endoneurium - delicate connective tissue on top of the myelin sheath

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11
Q

what are the ascending tracts

A

Ascending tracts - DCML, Spinothalamic, spinocerebellar

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12
Q

what s teh DCML

A
  • DCML - fine touch, proprioception, vibration
    • 1st order - peripheral nerves to nucleus (cuneatus or gracilise)
    • 2nd ON- nucleus to medulla, decussates within this
    • 3 ON - medulla to sensory cortex
    • fascial cuneatus T6 and above, fasculus gracilise T6 and below
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13
Q

what is teh spinothalamic

A

• Spinothalamic - also called the anterolateral system, the anterior carries crude touch and pressure, the lateral carried pain and temperature
• 1 ON - peripheral receptors to dorsal horn
• 2 ON - dorsal horn to thalamus, decussates within this
3 ON - thalamus to ipsilateral primary sensory cortex

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14
Q

what is teh spinocerebellar

A
  • Spinocerebellar - carries UNCONSCOIUS proprioception
    • Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar - lower limbs to cerebellum
    • Cuenocerebellar and rostral spinocerebellar - upper libs to cerebellum
    • The anterior spinocerebellar decussates twice
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15
Q

what are the descending tracts

A

• Descending tracts: pyramidal (corticospinal and corticobulbar)and extrapyramidal (vestibulo, reticulo, reburo, tecto)

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16
Q

what is eh corticospinal

A

Corticospinal - cortex, internal capsule, crus cerebri, pons, medulla. It the divides into 2, lateral decussates and descends terminating in the ventral horn, anterior decussates inn the ventral horn and then terminates

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17
Q

what is teh corticobulbar

A
  • Corticobulbar - cortex, internal capsule, crus cerebri, brainstem, cranial nerve nuclei, innovates bilaterally, apart form 7 and 12
    • Facial nerve is contralateral below the eyes
    • Hypoglossal is contralateral
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18
Q

what are teh 4 extrapyrimidals

A

• Extrapyramidal - originate in brainstem, rubro and tecto decussate
• Vestibulo - has medial and lateral tracts, controls balance and posture
• Reticulo - medial tract comes from the pons, this facilitates voluntary movement, lateral tract is from the medulla, inhibits voluntary movement
• Rubrospinal - red nucleus, fine motor control of the hand
Tectospinal - arises from superior colliculus, coordinates movement of head in relation to vision

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19
Q

what is somatic control and teh neurotransmitter used

A

Somatic control - inorvates skeletal muslce voluntary, only a single neruon between CNS and muslce cell, only leads to excitation, cell bodys are in the brainstem, neurons have lareg diameter and are myleinated, Ach is the neurotransmitter used

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20
Q

what is autonomic control and teh neurotransmitter used

A

• Autonomic controll - involuntary, cmooth and cardiac muscle, glands and other tissuse, has a 2 cneuron chain, first cell bosy is in the CNS but the senond is in the autonomic gangion, can be excitatory or inhibitory, Excittory use Ach then neuroarenaline, inhibitory use Ach twice

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21
Q

which cranial nerevs carry parasympathetic fibres

A

10 9 7 3
• Oculomotor to pupil
• Facial to salivary glands sublingual and sub mandibular
• Glossopharyngeal for swallowing reflex and parotid gland
• Vagus to thorax and abdomen

22
Q

what is teh nervous system of teh GI tract called

A

• The enteric NS is the supply to the GI tract

23
Q

what is a motor unit

A

• A motor unit is an alpha motor neuron and all of the extrafusal skeletal muscle that it innovates

24
Q

what is muscle tone

A

• Muscle tone - the degree of contraction of a muscle, or the proptortion of motor unirts active at any one time

25
Q

what are upper motor neuorns and signs of damage to them

A
  • Upper motor neurons - come from the cereberal cortex and connect to lower motor neurons, the neurotrnasmitter used is glutamate
    • Damage to the UMN causes hypertonia (hight muscle tone), hyperflexia ( brisk reflexes) spacticity (muscle is tight and stiff and rapid jerky moevemtns) positive babinski reflex (toes move away from touch of foot) and clonus. Can be cause by stroke.
26
Q

what are lower motor neuorns and signs of damage to them

A

• Lower motor neurons - connect the UMN to the skeletal muscle, ca inorvate multiple muscle fibres, but each muscle fibres is only inorvated by one LMN
• Alpha MN - causes contraction of muscle fibres
• Gamma MN - maintain muscle tone and proprioception, show the length and velocity of a muscle, activated simultaniously to alpha ones
Damage to LMN - hypotonia, hypoflexia, paralyss, fascilations (small muscle twitches) muscle atrophy.

27
Q

what are the stretch receptors in teh muscels and how do they work

A

• Stretch receptors monitor the muscle length and change of length
• They have intrafusal fibres wrapped around the muscle fibres which makes a muscle spindel
• The ends of the intrafusal fibres are inorvated by gamma neurons to keep them taugnt which optimises stretch detection
• The centre of the muscle spindel is non contractile
The ore the musce is stretched the greater the rate of firing the alpha and gamma neuorns are coordianted in cntraction but the gamma one snevre fully relax

28
Q

what are the tension receptors in muscle and how do they work

A

• Tention receptors - golgi tendon organs, meaure the tention that the contrracting muscles make and the fore created by the muscels
• They wrap around the collagedn bundles in the tendons, and when the muscle is used and the tendons put under stress, the GTO measure the tention presant
• GTOs stimulate the motor neuorsn of antagonistic mucles in order to redcuce tention
Inverse stretch reflex- GTOs inhibit muscle contraction to prevent overload

29
Q

which tract does pain travle in and where does it decussate

A

spinothalamic tract, decussates in teh spinal cord

29
Q

which tract does pain travle in and where does it decussate

A

spinothalamic tract, decussates in teh spinal cord

30
Q

what are the two fibre types involved in pain transmission

A
  • Alpha delta fibres - thinly mylienated, terminal release glutamate and they act quickly
    • C fibres - unmylienated, carries pain temp rough pressure itch, slow fibres, release glutab=mate and substance p
31
Q

what is substance p

A

• Sbstance p - peptide neurotransmitter and vasodilator, remains bound to recepotrs for longer and cuases lonf=g lasting pain

32
Q

what are sleeping pain receptors

A

• Sleeping nociceptors only resnd once injury as c=occures and respod t inflamatio

33
Q

hos is teh neurla tueb formed

A

In the third week the ectoderm thickens to form the neural plate and thei sthen foms the neural grove this eventually detatech and froms the neural tibe

34
Q

what do teh neural crest cells differntiate into

A

The neural crest cells lie lateral to this ad from the sensory ganglia, schwann cells, adrenal medulla , meninges and dermis

35
Q

what are the 3 and then 5 vesicles foed in brian embryology

A
  • By week 5 the prosencephalon, mesancephalon and rhombocephalon have formed
    • By week 7 secondaery vesicels have formed which will geive reie tpo the mature brain
36
Q

whne should the neural tube have closed by

A

week 4

37
Q

what frms teh blood brina barrier

A

• The blood brain barrier is formed of tight junctions, continous basebment membrane , , pericytes and astrocytes

38
Q

what is the indirect pathway

A

• The indirect pathwya is a way of inhibiting moevemt
• The motor cortex sends exitatoty signlals to the striatum via glutamate this then sends inhibitory signals to the external globus pallidus, this can then not inhibit the subthalamic nuleus anymore
• The subthalamic nucleus tehn sends exiitatory signals to the internal glubus pallidus and oars reticulum via glutamate
Therefore they they further inhibit the thalamus form allowing the movements to happen

39
Q

what is the direct pathway

A
  • The pmc sends signals to the striatum via glutamate
    • This results in it sending inhibitpr messages to the internaln globus palciidus so that it stops sending inhibitory messages to the thalamus and the thalamus can fire which allows the moevemtn to happen
    • the thalamus can then send signals to the primary motor coteex
    • GABA ins the inhibitroy neurotransmitter
40
Q

what makes up teh lentiform nucleus and caudate nucelus

A

• The lentiform nucelus is made up of the patamen and the globus passudus
The caudate nucelus and putmen make up the striatum

41
Q

what is teh papez circuit and its pathway

A

• The papez cicuit has significant ries in memory and ocntrole semotional expression
Hipocampus, fibria, fornix, mamillery bodys, mamilothalamic tract, anterior thalamic nucles, cingulim, enterohinla cortex then back to the hippocampus

42
Q

what inofrmation does each of teh three cerebellar peduccels carry

A

• Superior - ainly efferent putpu
• Middle - volunatray motor output
Inferior - muscle proprioception and vestiblar inuts

43
Q

what are teh three tracts of the cerebellar

A
  • Corticopontine - information from the motor cortex
    • Vestibulocerebellar - from the labrynth to the cerebellar- informs about balace ect
    • Spinocerebellar tracts – there are 4 here and they are for posture and proprioception
44
Q

how many layes in teh cerebellum and what are they

A
  • Molecular, which is the outer and contais 2 types of neuorns
    • They are mainly inhibiryoey and the dendriets are free branching
    • The purkynje finres are the middle layer f cells and have a vast branching section
    • Receive inpu from the climbing pathway
    • Gruanule layer the the innermost and largest, it has lots of small cells and extensive dendriets
    • Reciebed input from mossy fibres, there riise up to the molecular layer where they bifurcate
45
Q

what are the two types of fibres in teh cerebellum

A
  • The mossy fibre are from the ponds and cerebral cortex via the middle cerebellar peducncle
    • There use glutamate and are exitatory
    • The climbign fibres are also excitatory and carry proprioceptive information via the inferior peduncle
    • They come in through the inferior peducle and carry information from the proprioceptiona nd vestibular system
    • Mossy is middle and movement
    • Afferent, bottome, climbing
46
Q

what is teh outpuf from teh cerebellum

A
  • There is only one output from the cerebellum, this is from eh purj=kynje cells and they go through the supeior and into the thaamus and red nucleus
    • They use gaba and are inhibitory
47
Q

what is the midline of teh cerebellum called

A

vermis

48
Q

what are cilliary bodies in teh eye

A

glandula epithelium that produce queous humour

49
Q

descibe teh auditory pathway

A
  • The spiral ganglion receive info from the organ of corti and send it down CN8
    • This the synapses at the cochlear nuculi
    • At the cohlear nucli the fibres biforcate and the nerve enters the brainstem
    • The majority of fibres biforcate
    • And then decussate
    • Fibres go to the inferior coliculi and tehn to the medial geniculate body
    • It is tehn projected to the primary auditory cortex

Phase 1 (11 decks)

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