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Reproduction > Puberty > Flashcards

Puberty Flashcards

1
Q

Prepubertal Development:

When does brain growth plateau?

A

6-8 yrs

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2
Q

Are the ovaries essential for female prepubertal development?

A

No

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3
Q

The Migration of the testes to scrotal position is mediated by which 2 ligaments?

A

Gubernaculum and Suspensory ligaments

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4
Q

What kind of activity does the neonatal HPG axis undertake at birth until puberty?

A

Transient

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5
Q

What week does sexual differentation occur?

A

5-6 Wks

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6
Q

Fetal development:

At what week does the hypothalamic neural cells secreted GnRH?

A

Wk 11

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7
Q

Prepubertal testosterone levels:

Fetal: onset of secretion?

A

Secretion from 8-10 weeks onwards

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8
Q

Prepubertal testosterone levels:

Prenatal: Peaks at what week? How much T?

A

PEaks at wk 13- 15 (2ng/ml)

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9
Q

Prepubertal testosterone levels:

Post natal: Peaks when? How much? When is the decline

A

Peaks @ 3 months after birth (2-3ng/ml)

Postnatal decline at 3-4months.

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10
Q

Prepubertal testosterone levels:

What happens to testosterone levels at 1yr after birth? (Concentration?)

A

Second modest rise until prepubertal peak (9ng/ml)

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11
Q

Triggers of puberty:

Sleep, explain?

A

Earlyin puberty, GnRH is released during sleep -> long term development of pulsative GnRH release w/ positive feedback initiating ovulation or spermatogenesis.

Helps perpetuate further release of LH and FSH from Pit. = Gonadal development.

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12
Q

Triggers of puberty:

Leptin?

A

Before puberty leptin levels rise in proportion to adipose tissue mass (fat levels). Leptin may be a way for the body to tell the hypothalamus that (Dude we got enough long term energy storage lets go). But also there is a growth hormone- induced acceleration of body growth- increase body weight.

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13
Q

What trigger puberty, Secondary factors?

A
  • psychological factors (internal)
    • happiness vs. stress
  • environmental stimuli (external)
    • smell
    • photoperiod in some species
      • circadian (circa = approximately, diem = day) rhythms
        • supra chiasmatic nuclei (tiny region in brain controlling circadian rhythms
      • circannual rhythms
  • colours
  • temperature (more relevant to animals)
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14
Q

Female Tanner stages (5)

A

P1: Prepubertal.

P2: Early development of subareolar breast bud and small amounts of pubic hair and axillary hair.

P3: Increase in size of palpable breast tissue and areolae, increase in pubic/axillary hair

P4: Breast tissue and areolae protrude above breast level. Further increase in hair development.

P5: Mature adult breast Complete pubic/axillary growth

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15
Q

What is the first sign of female puberty?

A

Thelarche (Breast development)

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16
Q

What hormones initiate breast growth?

A

Oestrogen, Prolactin and GH

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17
Q

Male Tanner stages

A

P1: Prepubertal, testicular volume <1.5ml

P2: Testicular volume between 1.6-6ml. Small amounts of axillary and pubic hair (9-11 year)

P3: Testicular volume 6-12ml, lengthening of penis and areola, increase in pubic/axillary hair (11-12.5 yrs)

P4: Testicular volume 12-20ml, scrotum enlarges + darkens. (12.5-14 yrs) Further increase in hair development

P5: Testicular volume (>20ml). Adult genitalia

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18
Q

What hormone is higher during puberty than adulthood (Male + Female)?

A

LH

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19
Q

Reproductive function and maturation is coordinated by the …

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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20
Q

What is the most significant structural remodelling during female puberty?

A

Uterine Chages

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21
Q

What hormones cause uterine remodelling during puberty?

A

Oestrogen, Progesterone, Prolactin and Growth Factors

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22
Q

When does the second stage of sertoli cell and germ cell proliferation occur?

A

Puberty

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23
Q

What does this show?

A

Endocrine control of puberty and spermatogenesis in males

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24
Q

What are the target cells of FSH in Males?

A

Sertoli cells

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25
Q

What are the target cells of LH in males?

A

Leydig cells

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26
Q

What are the target cells of LH in females?

A

Theca Cells

27
Q

What cells are the target of FSH in females?

A

Granulosa cells

28
Q

When is the prostate fully functionally grown?

A

Puberty

29
Q

What characteristics are defined by the sexual dimophism of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Enlarged pelvis in females and enlarged shoulders in males
  • Men: 1.5x more lean body mass and 1.5x more skeleton than women
  • Women: 2x more body fat
30
Q

What hormones are responsible for the closure of epihpyses?

A

Oestrogen and Thyroid hormones

31
Q

What are the characteristics of sexual dimorphism of the respiratory system?

A
  • Male larynx grows by 1/3 of its adult size (also laryngeal prominence)
  • Thickening and lengthening of the vocal cords in males
    • Lowers pitch of voice.
32
Q

What are the four characteristic features of the pubertal development of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Hair Growth (Male thick, Female Fine)
  2. Hypodermic fat (cellulite) accumulation (Females, oestrogen)
  3. Activation of sebaceous glands (Testosteron and oestrogen)
  4. Development of axillary and anogenital ‘sweat’ glands.
    • Controlled by androgen
    • secrete viscous odorless sweat, proteins and fat substances.
    • activated by sympathetic nerves and sexual foreplay.
33
Q

What are the characteristics of the pubertal changes of the cardiovascular system? (4)

A
  • Increased blood volume
  • Increased interstitial fluid (oestrogen caused)
  • Decreased plasma cholesterol
  • Possibility of anaemia (Females)
34
Q

What are the characteristic changes in the nervous system during puberty?

A

Mental maturation

Fatigue and Depression

Sexual Drive

Sexual Behaviour

35
Q

What is sexual age determined by in males and females?

A

Males: Testicular and penile size, hair growth

Females: Thelarche, menarche, hair growth

36
Q

What % increase in body size occurs during puberty?

A

20%

37
Q

What years does puberty occur in females

A

9-13

38
Q

Whats years does puberty occur in males?

A

11-15 yrs

39
Q

Does puberty last longer in mals or females?

A

Males

40
Q
A
41
Q
A
42
Q

What is Precocious Puberty?

A

Dveelopment of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of:

8yrs in Women

9yrs in Men

43
Q

What % of the population shows precocious or delayed puberty?

A

5%

44
Q

What are he two main types of precocious puberty?

A

Gonadotrophin-independent (Peripheral)

Gonadotrophin-dependent

45
Q

Gonadotrophin-independent precocious puberty caused by

A

Testicular disorders and tumors

Ovarian disorders and tumors

46
Q

Gonadotrophin-independent precocious puberty causes (symptoms)

A

Increased gonadal steroid secretions

Increased adrenal androgen (in males)

47
Q

Gonadotrophin-dependent PP is caused by:

A

CNS tumors

Other pathologies and lesions

Idiopatic: 2/3rds of cases, 90% of female precocious puberty

48
Q

Gonadotrophin-dependent PP causes (symptoms)`:

A

Early reactivation of the HPG axis

Increased production of GnRH/ Gonadotrophins

49
Q

What is Delayed Puberty?

A

Failure to achieve sexual maturation at two years after the mean normal age of puberty • girls (normally 9-13 years) • boys (normally 11-15 years)

50
Q

What is delayed puberty caused by?

A

Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism

51
Q

What causes hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism?

A

CNS disorders & gonadotrophin deficiency

Gonadal dysgenesis and failure

52
Q

What causes hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism?

A

LHR (receptor) and FSHF mutations

Turner Syndrome, 45X female

Klinefelter syndrome, 47XXY male

53
Q

What is Anovulatory PCOS?

A

Chronic inability to produce preovulatory follicles, - no ovulation and mestrual cycle (amenorrhea).

Characterised by:

Hyperandrogenism, masculinsed body shape, hirsutism, obesity, acne

54
Q

How many women have PCOS and it causes what % of female infertility and anovulatory infertilty?

A

23% of all women have it

10% of all women infertility

50% of all anovulatory infertility

55
Q

Male erectile dysfunction affects how many men?

A

>150 M men worldwide

56
Q

What is male erectile dysfunction caused by?

A

Vascular aetiology:

  • Atheroschlerosis of pudendal artery and branches
  • Failure of veno-occlusive mechanism (venous leak)
  • Impaired smooth muscle relaxation
57
Q

What is the danger of untreated cryptorchidism?

A

Infertility

Increased incidence of testicular cancer in males

58
Q

6% of isosexual female puberty causes

A

malignancies of the female genital tract

59
Q

What female genital tract malignancy risk factor is increase by 6 fold in teenage pregnancy?

A

Gestational trophoblastic tumour

60
Q

Teenage girls whose mothers recieved diethylstilboestrol (DES) during pregnancy have an increased risk of …

A

Clear cell carcinoma of the vagina

61
Q

What percent of precocious puberty is idiopathic in females?

A

66%

62
Q

What is the female:male ratio of precocious puberty?

A

10:1

63
Q

What does a GPR54 mutation cause?

A

Delayed puberty

Reproduction (13 decks)

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