Neuro/Endocrinology and Hormones Flashcards
How do water soluble hormones trnasport in the blood and what is their half-life?
Circulate freely in blood
The shortest half-life
- Catecholamines: seconds
- Protein/peptides: minutes
How to lipid and thyroid hormones transport around body and what are their half lives?
Reversibly bind to blood bourne transport proteins.
Steroid/thryoid hormones half life = hours
Are intracellular recpetors of cell membrane receptors faster?
Cell membrance receptors
Brief description of intracellular receptor and action?
- Diffuses across membrane
- Bind lipid soluble hormone
- Hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA sites
- Gene activation/deactivation
- Cell response
Where are the intracellular receptors for steroids?
Cytoplasm and nucleus
Where are the intracellular receptors for thyroid hormones?
Nucelus and mitochondria
Brief description of events in FSHR G Protein-coupled receptor and signal transduction
- FSH bind to receptor-> G Prot activated (GTP replaced GDP)
- Active G Prot activates adenylate cyclase
- Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to PPi + cAMP (2nd messenger)
- cAMP acts on behalf of FSH
- cAMP changes activity of protein kinase A (PKA) enzyme
- PKA phosphorylates target proteins and induces cell response
What does a target cell response depend on?
receptor affinity
number of receptors
hormone (ligand) concentration
receptor up and down regulation
What are 3 ways to terminate a hormonal signal (not positive or negative feedback)
- receptor desensitisation
- receptor canalisation (endocytosis)
- second messenger degradation
What nuclei from the hypothalamus release neurohormones in the primary capillary plexus in the hypophyseal portal system?
Paraventricular
Medial pre-optic
Arcuate
Which nuclei from the hypothalamus have their axons in the hypothalamo hypophyseal tract releasing neurotransmitter in the posterior pituitary?
Paraventricular nucleus
Supra-optic nucleus
How does the anterior pituititary develop?
Evagination of the oropharynx ectoderm toward the brain, “Rathke’s pouch”
Rathke’s pouch gives rise to:
o pars distalis
o pars intermedia
o pars tuberalis
How does the posterior pituitary develop?
derived from a downgrowth of the neuroectoderm of brain floor
proximal part – infundibulum & distal part – pars nervosa
The adrenal cortex secretes ___ Hormones
Corticosteroid
What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?
Mineralcorticoids: aldosterone
What does the Zona fasciculata secrete?
Glucocorticoids: cortisol
What doesthe Zona reticularis secrete?
Sex steroids
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Catecholamines
What ‘weak’ androgens does the zona reticularis secrete?
Androstenedione
dehydroepiandrosterone (DEHA)
Small amount oestrogen
What would hypersecretion in the zona reticularis cause?
Androgenital syndrome
Where is kispeptin 1 made in humans?
Infundibulum
Where are Kisspeptin receptor found?
On GnRH-containing neurons in hypothalamic median eminence
What is the molecular type for hypothalamic neurohormones?
Peptides
What is the moecular type of FSH?
Glycoprotein
What is the molecular type of LH
glycoprotein
What is the source of LH and FSH in the anterior pituitary?
Pars distalis, gonadotrope cells
What is the molecular type of prolactin?
Protein
What is the source of prolactin in the anterior pituitar?
Pars distalis, lactotrope/mammotrope cells
What are the target tissues of prolactin?
Breasts, uterus and thymus
What is the molecular type for Adrenocorticotrophic hormone?
Protein
What is the source of ACTH in the anterior pituitary?
Pars distalis, corticotrope cells
What is the molecular type of oxytocin?
Small peptide neurohormone and neurotransmitter
What are the sources of oxytocin?
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, posterior pituitary
Uterus and fetus
What is the molecular type of Oestradiol 17-beta (E2)
Steroid, lipid
What are the sources of oestrogen?
Granulosa cells
Sertoli cells
Placenta (oestriol)
Adipose (oestrone)
Liver
Brain
What is the molecular type of progestagens, mainly progesterone?
Steroid, lipid
What are the sources of progesterone?
Ovarian theca and luteal cells
placenta
What is the molecular type of androgen?
Steroid, lipid
What are the sources of androgens?
Theca cells
Leydig cells
Adrenal zona reticularis
prostate
What is the molecular type of GH?
Protein
What is the source of GH in the anterior pituitary?
Pars distalis, somatotrope cells
What is the molecular type of TSH?
Lipid soluble catchecholamine
What is the source of TSH in the anterior pituitary
Pars distalis, thyrotrope cells
What is the molecular type of melanin stimulatin hormone?
Protein
What is the source of melanin stimulating hormone inn the anterior pituitary
Pars intermedia, corticotrope cells
What is the molecular type of ADH?
Small peptide neurohormone
What is the source of ADH?
Supraoptic nuclei released by posterior pituitary
What are the molecular types of adrenaline/noradrenaline
Tyrosine-derived-catecholamines
What si the molecular type of aldosterone?
Catecholamine mineralcocorticoid
What is the source of aldosterone
Adrenal zona glomerulosa
What is the molecular type of inuslin?
Protein
What is the molecular type of glucagon?
protein
