PsychosocialTest5 Flashcards
define body image
the collection of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that relate to one’s body size and appearance
what does a + and - body image lead to
+=confidence and self assurance
-=problems such as shyness and social isolation
what is private body talk
our internal dialogue
focuses on the body and appearance
helps us determine how we feel about our bodies
define an eating disorder
an ongoing disturbance in behaviors associated with the ingestion of food
most common eating disorders
anorexia nervosa
bulimia
define anorexia nervosa
condition in which an individual does not maintain a normal body weight
intense fear of becoming fat
refusal to gain weight
maintain some form of control
theories about eating disorders
psychological
behavioral
attempts to reduce anxiety
theories about eating disorders
psychological
cognitive
result of deficits in attention, concentration, and vigilance related to underlying anxiety and depression
theories about eating disorders
psychological
developmental
fails to develop an appropriate sense of self and body
has problems with autonomy and self identity
theories about eating disorders
sociocultural
response to a daily social emphasis on a stereotypical ideal of thinness
theories about eating disorders
physical
complex relationships amount the neurotransmitters
serotonin function, cortisol levels altered
what is the classic description of a person with anorexia nervosa
tense, alert, hyperactive, rigid young woman who thinks, talks, and walks rapidly very ambitious, drives for perfection neatness, self will stubbornness lack of warmth and friendliness engages in the pursuit of thinness main issue is one of control
what four criteria must be met to be diagnosed with anorexia
- refusal to maintain body weight that is more than 15% below normal
- intense fear of becoming fat
- distorted inaccurate significance placed on body weight and shape
- absence of at least 3 periods
define bulimia
binge eating and the use of inappropriate methods to prevent weight gain
define binge eating and purging
binge=consuming an amount of food that is definitely larger than most individuals would eat in similar circumstances. followed by feelings of guilt and attempts to rid the body of food
purge=attempt to rid the gastrointestinal tract and body of unwanted food
what is the criteria for diagnosis of bulimia
- recurring episodes of binge eating
- recurring inappropriate behaviors to prevent wt gain
- twice/week for at least 3 months
- excessive emphases placed on body shape and weight
define pica
persistent eating of nonfood items that lasts for more than 1 month
overwhelming need
define rumination disorder
regurgitation and re-chewing of food
in infants it can lead to death from malnutrition
what are the 3 goals for treatment of eating disorders
- stabilize existing medical problems
- reestablish normal nutrition
- resolve the psychological/emotional issues
what are some drugs used to treat obesity and bulimia
obesity=amphetamines
bulimia=antidepressants or lithium
define lanugo
fine hair
sleep serves what purposes
- body functions and metabolic rate slow
- workload on the heart decreases
- muscles relax
- body conserves energy
dreaming helps us to do what
gain insight
solve problems
work through emotional reactions
prepare for the future
what are the two phase of sleep
REM and NREM
NREM is divided into how many stages
4
what is a sleep disorder
repeatedly disrupts an individuals pattern of sleep
occurs more frequently in elderly individuals
what is a polysomnogram
monitors the client’s electrophysical responses during sleep
what are the two basic types of sleep disorders and explain each
primary=related to abnormal function of the sleep-wake or timing mechanisms of the body
secondary=related to other conditions such as substance abuse, mental health problems, or physical conditions
define dyssomnias
abnormalities of the physiologic mechanisms that regulate sleep and wakefulness
include: insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, breathing related and circadian rhythm sleep disorders
define insomnia
falling asleep or maintaining a sound sleep
define primary hypersomnia
excessive sleepiness
prolonged sleep episodes or day time sleeping that occurs daily for at least 1 month
define cataplexy
sudden episode of muscle weakness and loss of muscle tone that last for seconds to minutes
circadian rhythm sleep disorder
persistent pattern of sleep disruption that results from a mismatch between personal body rhythms and environmental demands
seen in people who do shift work/travel
define parasomnias
sleep disorders characterized by abnormal behavioral or physical events during sleep
-caused by the inappropriate activation of certain brain centers
nightmare disorder
- repeated frightening dreams
- sweating, rapid respirations, rapid HR
- sense of anxiety lingers
sleep terror disorder
- repeated nightmares, abrupt awakenings
- panicky cry or scream and intense fear
- can’t be comforted or awakened without difficulty
- increased HR, respirations, muscle tone
what is the first step in the treatment of sleep disorders, and what is the mail goal of care
- teach prevention
- assist the client in obtaining a restful night’s sleep
what is self-concept
- all attitudes, notions, beliefs, convictions that make up a person’s self knowledge
- includes individual’s perceptions of personal characteristics and abilities, interactions with other people and the environment, values, associated experiences and objects, and goals and ideals
factors influencing self-concept
culture
society
attitudes and beliefs of parents, siblings, significant other
experiences of life
self-esteem
an individual’s judgment of his/her own worth
self-ideal
personal standards of how one should behave
personal identity
composite of behavioral traits and characteristics by which one is recognized as an individual
role performance
socially expected behavioral patterns
describe 5 components of a healthy personality
- able to effectively perceive and function within their worlds
- achieved a sense of peace and harmony within themselves
- successfully cope with life’s anxieties, traumas, and crises
- provide a sense of purpose and direction in life
- able to struggle with life’s problems while feeling good about living
dissociation
an attempt to cope with deep-seated emotional anxiety or distress
identity diffusion
failure to bring various childhood identifications into an effective adult personality
- not sure who they really are
- unable to build a picture of themselves
- feels empty
- blunted emotions with little/no empathy
personality fusing
attempt to bind their self-concepts to another
dissociate disorder
- disturbance in the normally interacting function of consciousness: identity, memory, and perceptions
- problems that relate to anxiety and self-concept
- diagnosed more in women
- children dissociate more easily than adults
dissociation
interruption of a person’s fundamental aspects of waking consciousness
- complex neuropsychological process
- can range from normal everyday experiences to those that disrupt daily living
behaviors associated with low self esteem (9)
- criticism of self and others
- decreased productivity
- denies self pleasure
- destructive toward self and others
- disturbed interpersonal relationships
- exaggerated sense of self-importance
- feelings of guilt, inadequacy, and worry
- negative outlook about one’s body, abilities, life
- withdrawal
fugue
inability to remember important personal events or travels
dissociative disorders arise from what 2 sources
- fugue-lies with memory or consciousness
- identity-dissociate identity disorder
what are the 4 types of dissociative disorders
depersonalization disorder
amnesia
fugue
identity disorder
depersonalization disorder
- one feels detached or unconnected to the self
- may feel like a robot, automatic
- sensation of being an outside observer
depersonalization
response to severe anxiety associated with a blocking of awareness and a fading reality
- self concept becomes disorganized
- world becomes a dream
- serves as a defense mechanism
- can develop slowly/suddenly
amnesia
-loss of memory
dissociative amnesia
characterized by an inability to remember personal information
- can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
- attempt to avoid extreme stress by blocking memories from consciousness
- memories stay submerged, but still capable of inflicting pain
- client safety becomes a primary therapeutic goal
dissociative fugue
- escape from reality
- sudden, unexpected travel with inability to recall the past
- response to an overwhelmingly stressful or traumatic event
- extreme expression of fight or flight mechanism
- engaged to protect the individual
- after return, may experience aggressive impulses, conflict, depression, guilt
- psychosocial care and emotional support are important
- rare
trance
a state of resembling sleep in which consciousness remains but voluntary movement is lost
possession trances
involve the appearance of one or more distinct identities that direct the individual to perform sometimes complex behaviors and activities. amnesia following is common
dissociative identity disorder
- presence of two or more identities or personalities that repeatedly take control of the individuals behavior
- develops as a defense
- formally called multiple personality disorder
- each personality serves a specific protective purpose
- main goal is to help client integrate or combine the personalities
what are essential feature of DID
- the presence of other personalities in one individual
- personal history full of time loses, unexplained possession or changes in relationships, out of body experiences and awareness of other parts of the self
- have symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome
hospitalization is required in what 3 situations for treatment of dissociate disorders
- when anger, aggression, or violence is directed toward self or others and presents danger
- when individual is unable to function because of memory loss, rapid identity switching, flashbacks, overwhelming emotions
- when medications need to be evaluated or adjusted
treatment for dissociative disorders has what 3 stages
- assessment=get client’s hx, symptoms, support system, medical status, relationships, substance abuse, sleeping/eating disorders, family hx
- stabilization=diagnosis is established as the client gradually reveals the complexities of their nature
- reworking=revisiting and reworking past traumas. painful material is slowly/gently analyzed
- client eventually begins to integrate or combine the personalities
explain the difference among anger, aggression, and assertiveness
anger=normal emotional response to a perceived threat, frustration, or distressing event
aggression=forceful attitude or action that is expressed physically, symbolically, or verbally
assertiveness=the ability to directly express one’s feelings or needs in a way that respects the rights of other people yet retains one’s dignity
what purposes does anger serve
coping mechanism
can be motivating
passive aggression
involves indirect expression of anger through subtle, evasive, or manipulative behaviors
violence
behavior that threatens or harms other people or their property. actions of force that result in abuse or harm
assault
legal term that describes any behavior that presents an immediate threat to another person
battery
the unlawful use of force on a person without their consent
what are the 3 basic models of nature of aggression
biological
psychosocial
sociocultural
explain biological theories of aggression
- cause of aggression and violence is a physical or chemical difference
- also known as individual theories
- research focuses on areas of the brain the influence emotional control and aggressive behavior
- neurotransmitters
- innate, instinctual drive
explain psychosocial theory of aggression
- focus on an individual’s interactions with the social environment
- arises from interpersonal frustrations
- learned responses
sociocultural theory of aggression: functional model
aggression and violence fill certain functions in society, serving as catalysts or motivators for action
sociocultural theory of aggression:conflict theory
aggression is a natural part of all human interactions
-seek to further their own cause
sociocultural theory of aggression:resource theory
- fundamental part of society
- result of having many resources and the power that goes with them
sociocultural theory of aggression:general systems model
feedback loop is used to demonstrate how aggression and violence perpetuate
-violence viewed as a product of a system that must e stabilized and managed
what are the 5 stages of the assault cycle and explain each
trigger=stress producing event occurs, coping mechanisms are chosen
escalation=building stage during which each behavioral response moves a step closer to total loss of control
CRISIS=potential for danger is increased. emotional or physical blowout. ability to reason is lost. can’t respond to outside stimuli.
RECOVERY=cooling down period. slowly calms and returns to normal behavioral responses
DEPRESSION=involves a period of guilt and attempts to reconcile
what are the 3 categories of disorders relating to aggressive behaviors
conduct disorders
impulse-control disorders
adjustment disorders
what are the two diagnoses that relate to childhood and adolescent aggression
conduct disorder
oppositional defiant disorder
conduct disorder
characterized by a pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. naturally relate aggressively to others. no empathy or guilt feelings. behaviors fall into 4 major groups: aggressive conduct nonaggressive conduct deceitfulness serious rules violation
oppositional defiant disorder
pattern of negative aggressive behaviors that focuses on authority figures in child’s life. constantly involved in power struggles. stubborn, uncooperative, resistant, hostile. signs seen by 8 years old
impulse-control disorder
inability to resist and impulse to perform acts that are harmful to self or others.
intermittent explosive disorder
failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in the destruction of property or assault of another individual
serotonin may play a role
frequent outbursts
common in males
adjustment disorder
emotional or behavioral problems that develop in response to an identifiable source. Have difficulty adapting to a new situation. Stressor may be single event, continuous, repeated. lasts no longer than 6 months after stressor has stopped
what is the first step in controlling aggressive behaviors
assess the client’s potential for engaging in inappropriate behaviors
what does a mental status assessment include
general appearance client's activity attitude verbal communication mood, affect, perception, thoughts judgment or insight reliability
what does a psychosocial assessment include
internal or external stressors coping skills being used relationships cultural, spiritual, occupational areas value and belief system clients reactions and behaviors attitudes
level 1 interventions
- prevent violence
- establish and maintain a trusting therapeutic relationship
- call client by name, explain what is happening, listen actively, maintain good eye contact
level 2 interventions
-protect
-protect the client and others from potential harm
-
level 3 interventions
- control violence
- client is out of control, protect client and others through seclusion, restraints, and IM meds
