ConceptsTest 2 Flashcards
define culture
consists of the values, beliefs, and practices shared by the majority within a group of people
-includes the attitudes, roles, behaviors, and religious or spiritual practices accepted and expected by the cultural group
define worldview
the way in which the group’s people explain life events and view life’s mysteries
define spirituality
- concerns the intangible essence of our being that seeks to transcend the self, to understand one’s place in the world, and to find meaning and purpose in life.
- an element of religion
- may include a belief in higher power, and inner source of wisdom, and ultimate other, or supernatural
define religion
formalized system of belief and worship
define belief
convictions or opinions that one considers to be true
define faith
a belief that cannot be proven, or for which no material evidence exists
define atheist
a person who does not believe in god or spiritual reality
define agnostic
a person who doubts the existence of god or a nonmaterial reality because it cannot be proved or disproved
summarize christianity
- largest religion in the world
- believe in one god
- has three domains
What are the three domains of Christianity
roman catholic
eastern orthodox
Protestant faiths
summarize roman catholic beliefs about birth, sick, diet, death, birth control, organ donation, and religious articles when it comes to health care
- infants must be baptized, even aborted fetuses
- must not eat or drink 15 minutes before receiving holy eucharist
- priest applies holy oil to sick
- make a confession
- cremation is acceptable
- natural family planning and abstinence
- organ donation acceptable
- rosary beads are used to pray
summarize eastern orthodox beliefs about birth, holy communion, sick, diet, holidays, death, and birth control when it comes to health care
- baby baptized
- priest anoints the sick
- christmas celebrated January 7, and New Year’s on January 14
- before death, priest will come and patient will receive the late rites
- discourages assisted deaths, autopsy, cremation, organ donation
- birth control and abortion not permitted
summarize Islam
- fastest growing religions in world
- most prevalent in Middle East, Africa, Asia, Easter Europe
- equality of the races and social classes
- brotherhood for all
- prophet is Muhammad
- Mecca is focal point
- one god, Allah
- Koran includes instructions and guidance
- women have less independence
define imam and mosque
muslim religious prayer leader and main place of worship
summarize Judaism
- several branches
- religious leader is rabbi
- main place of worship is synagogue or temple
- Torah is basis for Hebrew Tankh and Christian Old Testament
- food must be kosher
What are the branches of Judaism
Orthodox
Conservative
Reform
Reconstructionist
explain circumcision
a jewish religious ritual
performed by man called mohel
8th day after birth, removal of the penile foreskin
what are some muslim beliefs and health care regarding birth, diet, death, birth control, care of women, and other practices
- baby is bathed immediately, then given to mother
- circumcision recommended before puberty
- no pork or alcoholic beverage
- cremation and organ donation is forbidden
- autopsy prohibited except for legal reasons
- contraception is permitted, abortion is not
- women not allowed to sign consent form
- husband must be present
what are some orthodox judiams beliefs and health care regarding birth, care of women, diet, sabbath, death, birth control, prayer
- babies named by father
- named on 8th day, after circumcision
- women in a state of purity during menses or after birth
- kosher rules
- on sabbath (sunset friday to sunset saturday) do not ride in car, smoke, use lights, money, TV, phone
- forbids assisted death
- autopsy not approved, all parts must be buried with body
- no shaving, cover heads
summarize hinduism, buddhism, and taoism
- many hindus are vegetarian
- illness seen as a result of misuse of body/consequence of sin committed in a previous life
- life is controlled by God, no control
- eldest woman is considered the authority
- Taoists believe illness/disease is due to imbalance in yin/yang
define Ayurvedic medicine
founded in india
follows principles of hot and cold to balance the diet as needed for the season and the disease state
define race
biologic way of categorizing people
based on physical characteristics such as skin color/texture, facial characteristics, body proportions
define ethnic groups
found within a race
usually differentiated by geographic, religious, social, or language differences
define subcultures
smaller groups within the culture
members have similar view and goals in addition to or in place of those in the main culture
may be based characteristics such as socioeconomic status, eduction, occupation, political beliefs, sexual orientation, residence
the poor and homeless are more likely to suffer from illnesses and disease such as what
malnutrition
TB
chronic disorders that may worsen because they go untreated
the poor may not seek medical treatment because of what 3 reasons
lack of funds
lack of transportation
lack of access to health care
define transcultural nursing
used by Madeline Leininger
- care that recognized cultural diversity and is sensitive to the cultural needs of the patient and family
- universal patterns of behavior exist
- human caring is part of every culture, but may b expressed in different ways
what is human caring
what all ppl need most to grow,, remain well, avoid illness, and survive or face death
define cultural awareness
involves knowledge of people’s history and ancestry and an appreciation for their artistic expressions, foods, and celebrations
define cultural sensitivity
refraining from using offensive language, respecting accepted patterns of communication, refraining form speaking in ways that are disrespectful of a person’s cultural beliefs
define cultural competence
involves knowing yourself
keep an open mind
try to look at world through the perspectives of diverse cultures
be open to learning
define ethnocentrism
tendency of human beings to think that their ways of thinking, believing, and doing things are the only way or the only right way
define generalization
identifies common trends, patterns, and beliefs of a group.
may be true of group, but not individual
define stereotype
set opinion or belief about the group that is applied to an individual
can be negative or positive
define bias or prejudice
positive or negative attitude or opinion that is unsupported by evidence
particular areas in which culture difference is evident are what
communication view of time organization of the family nutrition issues related to death and dying health care beliefs
most obvious cultural difference in communication is what
language
define dialect
regional variation of a language with different pronunciation, grammar, or word meanings
difference in communication between cultures include what
nonverbal communication patterns degree of eye contact personal space acceptable touching meaning of gestures
what views of time is different in cultures
orientation of time: urgency, punctuality, schedules
concerned with past, present, future
what are some cultural and ethnic differences in organization of the family
- different heads of household
- elderly might be highly respected
- living situation (multigenerational)
define patriarchal
male dominated household
define matriarchal
female dominated household
define egalitarian
shared equality in household
why must you ask if you can leave a pitcher of ice water at bedside table
it is culturally sensitive
patient might not believe in ice water when ill
what is chi’i, yin, and yang
Asian/Pacific Islander beliefs
chi’i is universal life force or energy
yin is negative, dark,cold, feminine
yang is positive, light, warm, masculine
what is mediation and what is the process of it
cleaning the mind and focusing, or stress relief
creates relaxation response/reduces anxiety
-quite place, 20 minutes
-back straight, legs crossed or on floor
-right index fingertip to tip of left thumb
-low humming noise
-close eyes
-get up slowly when done
what are some specific groups and their susceptibility to diseases
-African or Mediterranean=sickle cell trait/sickle cell anemia
-Africa Americans=keloid formation and sarcoidosis, hypertension
-Eastern European Jewish=Tay-Sachs disease(neurological disorder of infancy
-Hispanic, African, Chinese, Thai, American Indian=lactase deficiency
-Hispanic and American Indian=diabetes
Pacific Islanders=hypertension
define health
- absence of disease
- optimum functioning on every level
- relative state in which one is able to function well physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually in order to express the full range of one’s unique potentialities within the environment in which one is living
define illness
disease of body or mind
define chronic
persisting for a long time
illness is a personal thing. subjective. what does this mean
perceived only by the individual
only the person can tell if they feel ill
define disease
pathologic process that causes illness
definite set of signs and symptoms
disease causes illness
define acute illness. example
develops suddenly. resolving a short time. intestinal flu
define chronic illness. example
develops lowly over a long period and lasts throughout a lifetime. hypertension
define terminal illness
illness with no cure available. ends in death
define primary illness
develops without being caused by another health problem
define secondary illness
caused by a primary illness
define congenital
genetic, inherited, present at birth
define idiopathic
no known cause
what are the three stages of illness
transition stage
acceptance stage
convalescence stage
summarize transition stage of illness
onset of illness
vague, nonspecific symptoms
acknowledgment of a health problem occurs
summarize acceptance stage of illness
sick role is assumed acknowledging illness engaging in measure to become well withdrawal from usual responsibilities and roles treatment may be sought
summarize convalescence stage
process of recovering after the illness and regaining health
define self actualization
reaching one’s full potential; fulfilled
define coping
adjusting to or accepting challenges
define heath behavior
any action undertaken to promote health, prevent disease, or detect disease in an early, asymptomatic stage
define illness behavior
any activity a person takes to determine her actual state of health and to seek a suitable remedy for a health problem
Holistic care considers what aspects of a person
Biological
Psychological
Sociological
Spiritual aspects and needs
Wha are some physiological needs
Oxygen is first. Then cardiovascular function. Followed by nutrition and elimination. Safety (protection from injury). Rest and comfort(relief from pain). Hygiene. Activity(movement, mental stimulation). Sexual procreation
What are security and belonging examples
Security: psychological comfort, assisting in meeting needs, comfortable environment
Belonging: social interaction, communication, human caring, family community
What are some love and belonging examples
Belonging: social interaction, communication, human caring, family community
Love: loving, giving, affection, intimacy, sexual expression
What are some examples of self actualization
Self-knowledge and acceptance. Achievement. Openness. Flexibility. Universal knowledge. Artistic appreciation. Talent
What is the hierarchy of needs
Physiologic. Safety and needs. Love and belonging. Self-esteem. Self actualization
what are some common physical signs of stress
dry mouth, rapid pulse, rapid shallow breathing, sweaty palms, increased perspiration, shakiness, tremors, increased blood pressure, frequent urination, muscle tension, inability to sit still, talking rapidly, butterflies in stomach, dizziness, inability to control tears
what are some common psychological signs of stress
confusion forgetfulness anxiety irritability labile moods quickness to anger depression
what is GAS and what are the stages
general adaptation syndrome
alarm stage=hormone release mobilized the body’s defense
resistance stage=body is battling for equilibrium
exhaustion stage=deplete the body’s resources for adaptation
what are the three types of coping responses
- actions or thoughts that change the situation so it is no longer stressful
- alteration of thoughts to control the meaning of the situation before it triggers a stress response
- control of thoughts and actions to stop a stress reaction
define repression; common defense mechanism
blocking a wish or desire from conscious expression; you forget the name of someone for whom you have an intense negative feelings
define projection; common defense mechanism
attributing an unconscious impulse, attitude, or behavior to someone else; a man who is attracted to his friend’s wife on an unconscious level accuses his own wife of flirting
define regression; common defense mechanism
returning to an earlier level of adaptation when severely threatened
define rationalization; common defense mechanism
unconsciously falsifying an experience by giving a contrived, socially acceptable and logical explanation to justify an unpleasant experience or questionable behavior; a student blames teacher and unfairness of exam for bad grade
define identification; common defense mechanism
modeling behavior after someone else; a little girl dresses up in her mom’s dress and heels
define introjection; common defense mechanism
a more primitive form of identification. closely relates to unconscious imitation; a child grows into angry person like angry parents
define displacement; common defense mechanism
discharging intense feelings for one person onto another object or person who is less threatening
define sublimation; common defense mechanism
rechanneling an impulse into a more socially desirable object
what are the 3 illness prevention actions
primary prevention=avoids or delays occurrence of a specific disease
secondary=following guidelines for screening for diseases that are easily treated if found early or for detecting return of a disease
tertiary=rehab measure after the disease or disorder has stabilized
define acculturation
when people immigrate to new country. they gradually accept the new culture through a learning process. they learn to accept their own beliefs and those of their new country
define culture assimilation
occurs when the new member takes on the dominant culture’s values, beliefs, and practices. can be seen as negative
the primary characteristics of culture diversity include what
nationality race skin color gender age religious affiliation
secondary characteristics of culture diversity include what
socioeconomic status education occupation political beliefs urban/rural residence marital status sexual orientation gender issues
what is biological variation and what are some examples
refers to ways in which people are different from one another physiologically and genetically
- body build and structure
- skin color
- vital signs
- lab values
- susceptibility to disease
- nutrition
define virtue
character traits most often associated with one’s values and morality or conscience. define who we are
what are four focal virtues that underpin a virtuous person
compassion, discernment trustworthiness, integrity
define fidelity
- obligation to be faithful to commitments made to self and others
- faithfulness or loyalty to agreements and responsibilities accepted
define veracity
virtue of truthfulness
define discernment
practical wisdom or common sense
what are the two purposes of ethical principles
provide some framework for society’s moral conduct
help us take consistent positions and approaches to moral dilemmas
define autonomy
right of self determination, independence, and freedom founded on the notion that humans have value, worth, and moral dignity
define paternalism
preventing patients from making autonomous decisions or deciding for patients without regard for their preference
define beneficence
positive action that does good for another and act in a way that will prevent harm. principle of considering and offering treatments and care options that are likely to provide benefit to the patient
explain utilitarianism
theory grounded in the premise that action are judge right or wrong based purely on their consequences and therefore outcomes are the most important elements to consider when making decisions
explaim deontology
philosophical theory requiring human action sand attitudes to be based on duty, and the moral worth of an action should not be judged on in terms of consequences
what steps are taking to make ethical decisions
1-identify the dilemma
2-identify the stakeholders and their values
3-gather and verify info
4-examine possible actions and consequences of each action
5-determine ethical foundation for each action
6-determine best action with the strongest ethical support
7-implement the action
8-evaluate outcome
what are administrative laws
laws that establish the parameters within which nurses must practice to obtain and maintain state license. basis for discipline
define liability
the level of responsibility that society places on individuals for their actions
define torts
lawsuits involving civil wrongs
what is malpractice
- professional negligence
- breach of the duty that arises out of the relationship between pt and health care worker
what are the components needed for a finding of negligence
- a duty of care owned to patients
- a breach of duty to exercise care
- injury or damage occurring from this breach of duty
what is an advance directive
written statement expressing the patients wishes regarding future consent for or refusal of treatment if the patient is incapable of participating in decision making
what is a defendant
person accused of violation of public law or civil law
define privilege in respect to pt body and emotions
permission to do what is usually not permitted in other circumstances
define litigation
lawsuit; legal process to prove facts of a dispute
what is a sentinel event
an unexpected pt care event that results in death or serious injury
what is ISBAR-R and how does it help
method of communication
strategy that reduces the likelihood of critical pt details being lost
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