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Old Tests > ConceptsTest 2 > Flashcards

ConceptsTest 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define culture

A

consists of the values, beliefs, and practices shared by the majority within a group of people
-includes the attitudes, roles, behaviors, and religious or spiritual practices accepted and expected by the cultural group

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2
Q

define worldview

A

the way in which the group’s people explain life events and view life’s mysteries

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3
Q

define spirituality

A
  • concerns the intangible essence of our being that seeks to transcend the self, to understand one’s place in the world, and to find meaning and purpose in life.
  • an element of religion
  • may include a belief in higher power, and inner source of wisdom, and ultimate other, or supernatural
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4
Q

define religion

A

formalized system of belief and worship

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5
Q

define belief

A

convictions or opinions that one considers to be true

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6
Q

define faith

A

a belief that cannot be proven, or for which no material evidence exists

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7
Q

define atheist

A

a person who does not believe in god or spiritual reality

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8
Q

define agnostic

A

a person who doubts the existence of god or a nonmaterial reality because it cannot be proved or disproved

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9
Q

summarize christianity

A
  • largest religion in the world
  • believe in one god
  • has three domains
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10
Q

What are the three domains of Christianity

A

roman catholic
eastern orthodox
Protestant faiths

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11
Q

summarize roman catholic beliefs about birth, sick, diet, death, birth control, organ donation, and religious articles when it comes to health care

A
  • infants must be baptized, even aborted fetuses
  • must not eat or drink 15 minutes before receiving holy eucharist
  • priest applies holy oil to sick
  • make a confession
  • cremation is acceptable
  • natural family planning and abstinence
  • organ donation acceptable
  • rosary beads are used to pray
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12
Q

summarize eastern orthodox beliefs about birth, holy communion, sick, diet, holidays, death, and birth control when it comes to health care

A
  • baby baptized
  • priest anoints the sick
  • christmas celebrated January 7, and New Year’s on January 14
  • before death, priest will come and patient will receive the late rites
  • discourages assisted deaths, autopsy, cremation, organ donation
  • birth control and abortion not permitted
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13
Q

summarize Islam

A
  • fastest growing religions in world
  • most prevalent in Middle East, Africa, Asia, Easter Europe
  • equality of the races and social classes
  • brotherhood for all
  • prophet is Muhammad
  • Mecca is focal point
  • one god, Allah
  • Koran includes instructions and guidance
  • women have less independence
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14
Q

define imam and mosque

A

muslim religious prayer leader and main place of worship

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15
Q

summarize Judaism

A
  • several branches
  • religious leader is rabbi
  • main place of worship is synagogue or temple
  • Torah is basis for Hebrew Tankh and Christian Old Testament
  • food must be kosher
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16
Q

What are the branches of Judaism

A

Orthodox
Conservative
Reform
Reconstructionist

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17
Q

explain circumcision

A

a jewish religious ritual
performed by man called mohel
8th day after birth, removal of the penile foreskin

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18
Q

what are some muslim beliefs and health care regarding birth, diet, death, birth control, care of women, and other practices

A
  • baby is bathed immediately, then given to mother
  • circumcision recommended before puberty
  • no pork or alcoholic beverage
  • cremation and organ donation is forbidden
  • autopsy prohibited except for legal reasons
  • contraception is permitted, abortion is not
  • women not allowed to sign consent form
  • husband must be present
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19
Q

what are some orthodox judiams beliefs and health care regarding birth, care of women, diet, sabbath, death, birth control, prayer

A
  • babies named by father
  • named on 8th day, after circumcision
  • women in a state of purity during menses or after birth
  • kosher rules
  • on sabbath (sunset friday to sunset saturday) do not ride in car, smoke, use lights, money, TV, phone
  • forbids assisted death
  • autopsy not approved, all parts must be buried with body
  • no shaving, cover heads
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20
Q

summarize hinduism, buddhism, and taoism

A
  • many hindus are vegetarian
  • illness seen as a result of misuse of body/consequence of sin committed in a previous life
  • life is controlled by God, no control
  • eldest woman is considered the authority
  • Taoists believe illness/disease is due to imbalance in yin/yang
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21
Q

define Ayurvedic medicine

A

founded in india

follows principles of hot and cold to balance the diet as needed for the season and the disease state

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22
Q

define race

A

biologic way of categorizing people

based on physical characteristics such as skin color/texture, facial characteristics, body proportions

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23
Q

define ethnic groups

A

found within a race

usually differentiated by geographic, religious, social, or language differences

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24
Q

define subcultures

A

smaller groups within the culture
members have similar view and goals in addition to or in place of those in the main culture
may be based characteristics such as socioeconomic status, eduction, occupation, political beliefs, sexual orientation, residence

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25
Q

the poor and homeless are more likely to suffer from illnesses and disease such as what

A

malnutrition
TB
chronic disorders that may worsen because they go untreated

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26
Q

the poor may not seek medical treatment because of what 3 reasons

A

lack of funds
lack of transportation
lack of access to health care

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27
Q

define transcultural nursing

A

used by Madeline Leininger

  • care that recognized cultural diversity and is sensitive to the cultural needs of the patient and family
  • universal patterns of behavior exist
  • human caring is part of every culture, but may b expressed in different ways
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28
Q

what is human caring

A

what all ppl need most to grow,, remain well, avoid illness, and survive or face death

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29
Q

define cultural awareness

A

involves knowledge of people’s history and ancestry and an appreciation for their artistic expressions, foods, and celebrations

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30
Q

define cultural sensitivity

A

refraining from using offensive language, respecting accepted patterns of communication, refraining form speaking in ways that are disrespectful of a person’s cultural beliefs

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31
Q

define cultural competence

A

involves knowing yourself
keep an open mind
try to look at world through the perspectives of diverse cultures
be open to learning

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32
Q

define ethnocentrism

A

tendency of human beings to think that their ways of thinking, believing, and doing things are the only way or the only right way

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33
Q

define generalization

A

identifies common trends, patterns, and beliefs of a group.

may be true of group, but not individual

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34
Q

define stereotype

A

set opinion or belief about the group that is applied to an individual
can be negative or positive

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35
Q

define bias or prejudice

A

positive or negative attitude or opinion that is unsupported by evidence

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36
Q

particular areas in which culture difference is evident are what

A 
communication
view of time
organization of the family
nutrition
issues related to death and dying
health care beliefs
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37
Q

most obvious cultural difference in communication is what

A

language

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38
Q

define dialect

A

regional variation of a language with different pronunciation, grammar, or word meanings

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39
Q

difference in communication between cultures include what

A 
nonverbal communication patterns
degree of eye contact
personal space
acceptable touching
meaning of gestures
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40
Q

what views of time is different in cultures

A

orientation of time: urgency, punctuality, schedules

concerned with past, present, future

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41
Q

what are some cultural and ethnic differences in organization of the family

A
  • different heads of household
  • elderly might be highly respected
  • living situation (multigenerational)
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42
Q

define patriarchal

A

male dominated household

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43
Q

define matriarchal

A

female dominated household

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44
Q

define egalitarian

A

shared equality in household

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45
Q

why must you ask if you can leave a pitcher of ice water at bedside table

A

it is culturally sensitive

patient might not believe in ice water when ill

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46
Q

what is chi’i, yin, and yang

A

Asian/Pacific Islander beliefs
chi’i is universal life force or energy
yin is negative, dark,cold, feminine
yang is positive, light, warm, masculine

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47
Q

what is mediation and what is the process of it

A

cleaning the mind and focusing, or stress relief
creates relaxation response/reduces anxiety
-quite place, 20 minutes
-back straight, legs crossed or on floor
-right index fingertip to tip of left thumb
-low humming noise
-close eyes
-get up slowly when done

48
Q

what are some specific groups and their susceptibility to diseases

A

-African or Mediterranean=sickle cell trait/sickle cell anemia
-Africa Americans=keloid formation and sarcoidosis, hypertension
-Eastern European Jewish=Tay-Sachs disease(neurological disorder of infancy
-Hispanic, African, Chinese, Thai, American Indian=lactase deficiency
-Hispanic and American Indian=diabetes
Pacific Islanders=hypertension

49
Q

define health

A
  • absence of disease
  • optimum functioning on every level
  • relative state in which one is able to function well physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually in order to express the full range of one’s unique potentialities within the environment in which one is living
50
Q

define illness

A

disease of body or mind

51
Q

define chronic

A

persisting for a long time

52
Q

illness is a personal thing. subjective. what does this mean

A

perceived only by the individual

only the person can tell if they feel ill

53
Q

define disease

A

pathologic process that causes illness
definite set of signs and symptoms
disease causes illness

54
Q

define acute illness. example

A

develops suddenly. resolving a short time. intestinal flu

55
Q

define chronic illness. example

A

develops lowly over a long period and lasts throughout a lifetime. hypertension

56
Q

define terminal illness

A

illness with no cure available. ends in death

57
Q

define primary illness

A

develops without being caused by another health problem

58
Q

define secondary illness

A

caused by a primary illness

59
Q

define congenital

A

genetic, inherited, present at birth

60
Q

define idiopathic

A

no known cause

61
Q

what are the three stages of illness

A

transition stage
acceptance stage
convalescence stage

62
Q

summarize transition stage of illness

A

onset of illness
vague, nonspecific symptoms
acknowledgment of a health problem occurs

63
Q

summarize acceptance stage of illness

A 
sick role is assumed
acknowledging illness 
engaging in measure to become well
withdrawal from usual responsibilities and roles
treatment may be sought
64
Q

summarize convalescence stage

A

process of recovering after the illness and regaining health

65
Q

define self actualization

A

reaching one’s full potential; fulfilled

66
Q

define coping

A

adjusting to or accepting challenges

67
Q

define heath behavior

A

any action undertaken to promote health, prevent disease, or detect disease in an early, asymptomatic stage

68
Q

define illness behavior

A

any activity a person takes to determine her actual state of health and to seek a suitable remedy for a health problem

68
Q

Holistic care considers what aspects of a person

A

Biological
Psychological
Sociological
Spiritual aspects and needs

69
Q

Wha are some physiological needs

A

Oxygen is first. Then cardiovascular function. Followed by nutrition and elimination. Safety (protection from injury). Rest and comfort(relief from pain). Hygiene. Activity(movement, mental stimulation). Sexual procreation

70
Q

What are security and belonging examples

A

Security: psychological comfort, assisting in meeting needs, comfortable environment
Belonging: social interaction, communication, human caring, family community

71
Q

What are some love and belonging examples

A

Belonging: social interaction, communication, human caring, family community
Love: loving, giving, affection, intimacy, sexual expression

72
Q

What are some examples of self actualization

A

Self-knowledge and acceptance. Achievement. Openness. Flexibility. Universal knowledge. Artistic appreciation. Talent

74
Q

What is the hierarchy of needs

A

Physiologic. Safety and needs. Love and belonging. Self-esteem. Self actualization

75
Q

what are some common physical signs of stress

A

dry mouth, rapid pulse, rapid shallow breathing, sweaty palms, increased perspiration, shakiness, tremors, increased blood pressure, frequent urination, muscle tension, inability to sit still, talking rapidly, butterflies in stomach, dizziness, inability to control tears

76
Q

what are some common psychological signs of stress

A 
confusion
forgetfulness
anxiety
irritability
labile moods
quickness to anger
depression
77
Q

what is GAS and what are the stages

A

general adaptation syndrome
alarm stage=hormone release mobilized the body’s defense
resistance stage=body is battling for equilibrium
exhaustion stage=deplete the body’s resources for adaptation

78
Q

what are the three types of coping responses

A
  • actions or thoughts that change the situation so it is no longer stressful
  • alteration of thoughts to control the meaning of the situation before it triggers a stress response
  • control of thoughts and actions to stop a stress reaction
79
Q

define repression; common defense mechanism

A

blocking a wish or desire from conscious expression; you forget the name of someone for whom you have an intense negative feelings

80
Q

define projection; common defense mechanism

A

attributing an unconscious impulse, attitude, or behavior to someone else; a man who is attracted to his friend’s wife on an unconscious level accuses his own wife of flirting

81
Q

define regression; common defense mechanism

A

returning to an earlier level of adaptation when severely threatened

82
Q

define rationalization; common defense mechanism

A

unconsciously falsifying an experience by giving a contrived, socially acceptable and logical explanation to justify an unpleasant experience or questionable behavior; a student blames teacher and unfairness of exam for bad grade

83
Q

define identification; common defense mechanism

A

modeling behavior after someone else; a little girl dresses up in her mom’s dress and heels

84
Q

define introjection; common defense mechanism

A

a more primitive form of identification. closely relates to unconscious imitation; a child grows into angry person like angry parents

85
Q

define displacement; common defense mechanism

A

discharging intense feelings for one person onto another object or person who is less threatening

86
Q

define sublimation; common defense mechanism

A

rechanneling an impulse into a more socially desirable object

87
Q

what are the 3 illness prevention actions

A

primary prevention=avoids or delays occurrence of a specific disease
secondary=following guidelines for screening for diseases that are easily treated if found early or for detecting return of a disease
tertiary=rehab measure after the disease or disorder has stabilized

88
Q

define acculturation

A

when people immigrate to new country. they gradually accept the new culture through a learning process. they learn to accept their own beliefs and those of their new country

89
Q

define culture assimilation

A

occurs when the new member takes on the dominant culture’s values, beliefs, and practices. can be seen as negative

90
Q

the primary characteristics of culture diversity include what

A 
nationality
race
skin color
gender
age
religious affiliation
91
Q

secondary characteristics of culture diversity include what

A 
socioeconomic status
education
occupation
political beliefs
urban/rural residence
marital status
sexual orientation
gender issues
92
Q

what is biological variation and what are some examples

A

refers to ways in which people are different from one another physiologically and genetically

  • body build and structure
  • skin color
  • vital signs
  • lab values
  • susceptibility to disease
  • nutrition
93
Q

define virtue

A

character traits most often associated with one’s values and morality or conscience. define who we are

94
Q

what are four focal virtues that underpin a virtuous person

A

compassion, discernment trustworthiness, integrity

95
Q

define fidelity

A
  • obligation to be faithful to commitments made to self and others
  • faithfulness or loyalty to agreements and responsibilities accepted
96
Q

define veracity

A

virtue of truthfulness

97
Q

define discernment

A

practical wisdom or common sense

98
Q

what are the two purposes of ethical principles

A

provide some framework for society’s moral conduct

help us take consistent positions and approaches to moral dilemmas

99
Q

define autonomy

A

right of self determination, independence, and freedom founded on the notion that humans have value, worth, and moral dignity

100
Q

define paternalism

A

preventing patients from making autonomous decisions or deciding for patients without regard for their preference

101
Q

define beneficence

A

positive action that does good for another and act in a way that will prevent harm. principle of considering and offering treatments and care options that are likely to provide benefit to the patient

102
Q

explain utilitarianism

A

theory grounded in the premise that action are judge right or wrong based purely on their consequences and therefore outcomes are the most important elements to consider when making decisions

103
Q

explaim deontology

A

philosophical theory requiring human action sand attitudes to be based on duty, and the moral worth of an action should not be judged on in terms of consequences

104
Q

what steps are taking to make ethical decisions

A

1-identify the dilemma
2-identify the stakeholders and their values
3-gather and verify info
4-examine possible actions and consequences of each action
5-determine ethical foundation for each action
6-determine best action with the strongest ethical support
7-implement the action
8-evaluate outcome

105
Q

what are administrative laws

A

laws that establish the parameters within which nurses must practice to obtain and maintain state license. basis for discipline

106
Q

define liability

A

the level of responsibility that society places on individuals for their actions

107
Q

define torts

A

lawsuits involving civil wrongs

108
Q

what is malpractice

A
  • professional negligence

- breach of the duty that arises out of the relationship between pt and health care worker

109
Q

what are the components needed for a finding of negligence

A
  • a duty of care owned to patients
  • a breach of duty to exercise care
  • injury or damage occurring from this breach of duty
110
Q

what is an advance directive

A

written statement expressing the patients wishes regarding future consent for or refusal of treatment if the patient is incapable of participating in decision making

111
Q

what is a defendant

A

person accused of violation of public law or civil law

112
Q

define privilege in respect to pt body and emotions

A

permission to do what is usually not permitted in other circumstances

113
Q

define litigation

A

lawsuit; legal process to prove facts of a dispute

114
Q

what is a sentinel event

A

an unexpected pt care event that results in death or serious injury

115
Q

what is ISBAR-R and how does it help

A

method of communication
strategy that reduces the likelihood of critical pt details being lost

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