NursingTest 5 Flashcards
to prepare for medication administration what 4 things need to be done
1-locate the information about each drug
2-consistently calculate drug dosages accurately
3-devise a method of consistently using the 6 rights of med administration
4-recognize the nursing implications for each drug
what are the 3 names that a drug has
chemical name=describes components
generic=name not protected by trademark
trade=name protected by a trademark
what classifications can drugs be classified under
- effect of the drug on a body system
- symptoms the drug relieves
- drug’s desired effect
anticoagulants
inhibit clotting of blood
antianginals
increase blood flow to the heart
antiarrhythmics
regulate the heart rate
antihypertensives
control high blood pressure
antililpidemics
lower abnormal blood lipid levels
antiplateletes
inhibit platelet aggregation
caridotonics
strengthen the contraction of the heart
diuretics
reduce edema and increase urine output
hemostatics
promote clotting of blood
hypnotics/ sedatives
relieve anxiety, reduce activity, and promote sleep
stimulants
increase mental alertness and function
tricyclic antidepressants
relieve depression
SSRIs selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors
relieve depression
anxiolytics
relieve anxiety
antipsychotics
relieve psychotic symptoms
antihistamines
reduce congestion and allergic reactions
narcotics (opioids)
relieve moderate to severe pain
non-narcotics
relieve mild pain
NSAIDSs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
reduce inflammation and pain
antiepileptics
control epileptic seizures and tremors
antitussives
relieve cough
bronchodilators and expectorants
relieve obstruction of air passages
adrenal hormones
all hormones act to regulate body growth, funciton, and metabolism
antacids
neutralize stomach acids
antisecretories
decrease gastric acid secretion
anticholinergics
reduce spasma and secretions of stomach
antiemetics
relieve nausea and control vomiting
cathartics, laxatives
promote BMs
schedule 1
drugs with no accepted medical use, a high potential for abuse, lacking accepted safety measure. heroin, LSD, PSP, peyote
schedule 2
drugs with a medical use, a high potential for abuse, with severe psychological or physical dependence. amphetamine, morphine, methadone
schedule 3
drugs that are medically useful but with less potential for abuse that lead to moderate or low physical and high psychological dependence.
schedule 4
drugs that are medically useful but with less potential for abuse. their abuse causing limited physical or psychological dependence. valium
schedule V
drugs with medical use, low potential for abuse, and producing less physical dependence than other drugs. group includes a few opioids. cough syrup with codeine
for a drug to pass US Food a Drug Admin approval, it must meet what 5 standards
purity=types and concentrations of substances other than the drug that can be in the tablet, capsule, suspension
potency=amount of active drug in the preparation contributing to its strength
bioavailability=drugs ability to dissolve, be absorbed, and be transported in the body to its desired site of action
efficacy=lab studies providing proof that the drug is effective for its intended use
safety=sufficient studies complete to indicate potential side effects, adverse effects, and toxic reactions
what factors determine the absorption rate
weight age sex disease conditions genetic factors immune mechanisms physiologic and emotional factors
what are the differences in absorption rate by route
skin=slow mucous membranes=quick respiratory tract=quick oral=slow absorption (liquids are faster than pills intramuscular=depends on form of drug subcutaneous=slow intravenous=most rapid absorption
pharmacodynamics
- mechanism of action
- the study of a drug’s effect on cellular physiology and biochemistry and its mechanism of action
- interactions between medications and target cells, body system, and organs to produce effects
when does the onset of a drug occur
when the drug reaches a minimum effective concentration level
what is a half life
time it takes for excretion to lower the drug concentration by half
drugs have what 4 types of actions
-stimulation or depression
replacement
inhibition or killing
irritation
define therapeutic range
range of levels of the drug in the blood that will produce the desired effect without causing toxic effects
what are black box warnings
FDA designation that the drug may have serious side effects or health risks
synergistic effect
combined interaction
how does food in the belly affect the drug
speed up, reduce, or even prevent the absorption of the drug into the bloodstream
when a prescription or order is created for a drug to be dispensed or administer to a patient, what must be written
drug name amount of drug per dose number of doses route frequency
intrathecal
medication is injected into the intrathecal space of spinal column
what are some considerations for infants and children when it comes to medications
difference in size, age, weight, surface area, organ maturity all affect ability to absorb, metabolize, and excrete each drug
what are some reasons a patient might not take their medication
- pt does not comprehend the drug’s action or why it is being taken
- pt can’t tolerate one of its side effects
- pt can’t afford to buy more
what is medication reconciliation
process of identifying all the pt’s medications and communicating this information to the pt and staff
in addition to the 6 rights other considerations for safe administration include what
- review the reason for giving the ordered medication
- monitor the pt’s response to therapy
- each the pt about the drug
- take a complete drug history
- assess the pt for drug allergies
- be aware of potential drug interaction with other drugs or foods
nurses are legally responsible for being knowledgeable about what when they administer medication
correct dose route desired effects side effects interactions with other medications any contraindications
define medication order/drug order
the written prescription for a drug
a complete drug order must include what
patients full name name of drug dosage to be given rout of administration how often to be give date and time signature
what are the different types of orders (6)
standing order PRN order One time order stat order renewal order orders by protocol
the route of administration depends on what several factors
patients condition
nature of the drug
rate of absorption versus another route
topical medication are instilled in the form of what
eye drops ear drops ointments pastes lotions
information on a medication card includes what
patients name room number physicians name drug name dosage route time of administration date the order was written initials of person making card
ABBREVIATIONS
ac
ad li
bid
ac=before meals
ad lib=freely
bid=twice a day
ABBREVIATIONS
g or gm
gtt
H or hr
g or gm=gram
gtt=drops
H or hr=hour
ABBREVIATIONS I.D. I.M. I.V. I.V.P.B.
I.D.=intradermal
I.M.=intramuscular
I.V.=intravenous
I.V.P.B.=intravenous piggyback
ABBREVIATIONS kg K.V.O. L mcg
kg=kilogram
K.V.O.=keep vein open
L-Liter
mcg=microgram
ABBREVIATIONS mEq mL MDI NGT
mEq=milliequivalent
mL=milliliter
MDI=metered-dose inhaler
NGT=nasogastric tube
ABBREVIATIONS oz PCA pc PR
oz=ounce
PCA=patient controlled analgesia
pc=after meals
PR=per rectum
ABBREVIATIONS
Rx
SR
Rx=take
SR=sustained release
what is a spansule
time released pellets placed in a capsule shell
abbreviation=span
given by mouth
what is Elixir
sweetened flavoring substance with an active medicinal ingredient
abbreviation=Elix
given by mouth or tube feeding
what is Lozenge
medication tablet or disk
given by mouth
to be sucked on until it totally dissolves
what are the three types of medication administration systems
stock supply of medicines
individual prescription system
unit-dose method (most common)
explain unit dose system
- drugs packaged in single, individual doses
- provide a premeasured, prepackaged, prelabled dose of medication
- considered safest
- pharmacy supplies the exact dose of each medication
- enhances patient safety
- reduces medication error
- saves time
- pt charged only for medications used
- keeps minimum amount of drugs on hand
explain the prescription system
- pharmacy supplies enough doses for several days
- prescription is written, filled by pharmacists
- only a limited amount of drugs needs to kept on the nursing unit
- used in pharmacies and in outpatient clinics
what is a controlled dispensing system
- distributing opiate analgesics and hypnotics
- legally controlled substances must be under lock and key at all times
what is an ointment
what is paste
ointment=manufactures in an oily base
petrolatum or lanolin
paste=stiffer in consistency
do not melt at body temperature
what are lotions and liniments
lotions=patted on gently
liniments=rubbed into the skin
define suppositories
cylinder shaped semisolid substances inserted into body orifices (rectum, vagina, urethra, ostomy stoma)
absorbed through mucous membranes
define irrigations
medications dissolved in solutions
otic medications; how do you position ear
younger than 3=pull earlobe down to straighten canal
adult=pull top of pinna out and upward
when applying eye drops, where should they be applied
conjunctival sac. do not place drops on the cornea(may cause damage or discomfort) or lacrimal gland (meds can enter systemic circulation)
an atomizer bottle contains what
decongestant
antihistamine
antibiotic
steroid
what are the purposes for a topical solution for the vagina
- cleanse the vagina in prep for surgery
- supply antiseptics to reduce bacterial growth
- remove odor or foul discharge
- apply heat/cold to soothe inflamed tissues/reduce oozing of blood
what medication should not be crushed or administered through a tube
sublingual buccal enteric-coated sustained release potentially carcinogenic products
define pharmacokinetics and what are the phases
refers to how medications travel through the body. medication process results in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
in pharmacokinetics, what is the first phase. explain
absorption. transmission of medication from the location of administration to the bloodstream
in pharmacokinetics, what is distribution
transportation of medication to sites of action by bodily fluids. medications compete for protein binding sites, primarily albumin
in pharmacokinetics, what is metabolism
change medications into less active forms or inactive forms by the action of enzymes. primarily in liver (also in kidneys, lungs, bowel, blood)
contradictions for oral medication administration include what
vomiting
absence of a gag reflex
difficulty swallowing
decreased level of consciousness
