NursingTest 9

Question 1

sodium levels

Answer 1

136 to 145 mEq/L

Question 2

Potassium levels

Answer 2

3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L

Question 3

Chloride levels

Answer 3

98 to 106 mEq/L

Question 4

Calcium levels

Answer 4

9.0 to 10.5 mEq/L

Question 5

Magnesium levels

Answer 5

1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L

Question 6

Phosphorus

Answer 6

3.5 to 4.5 mg/dL

Question 7

severe hypervolemia can lead to:

Answer 7

pulmonary edema and heart failure

Question 8

causes of hypovolemia (volume deficit)

Answer 8

vomiting, NG suctioning, diarrhea, sweating, diuretic therapy, renal disease, peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, ascites, burns, hemorrhage, NPO

Question 9

causes of hypervolemia (volume excess)

Answer 9

chronic stimulus to the kidney to conserve sodium and water (heart failure, cirrhosis, increased glucocorticosteroids), renal failure, burns, excessive sodium intake

Question 10

causes of dehydration

Answer 10

hyperventilation
diabetic ketoacidosis
enteral feeding w/o sufficient water intake

Question 11

causes of overhydration

Answer 11

water replacement w/o electrolyte replacement (strenuous exercise w/ profuse diaphoresis)

Question 12

vital signs in fluid volume deficit

Answer 12

hyperthermia
tachycardia
thready pulse
hypotension
decreased central venous pressure
tachypneic
hypoxia

Question 13

vital signs in fluid volume excess

Answer 13

tachycardia
bounding pulse
hypertension
tachypnea
increased central venous pressure

Question 14

other sings of fluid volume deficit

Answer 14

diminished capillary refill
dry scaly skin
dry mucous membranes with cracks
poor skin turgor
sunken eyeballs
flattened neck veins

Question 15

other signs of fluid volume excess

Answer 15

dependent edema
distended neck veins
cool pale skin

Question 16

lab tests seen in fluid volume deficit

Answer 16

increased Hct
increased osmolarity
increased concentrated urine specific gravity
increased serum sodium

Question 17

lab tests seen in fluid volume excess

Answer 17

decreased Hct
decreased osmolarity
decreased and diluted urine
decreased serum sodium (hemodilution)

Question 18

client education about fluid volume deficit

Answer 18

drink plenty of liquids
instruct pt regarding causes of dehydration
increase fluid intake in high altitudes/dry climates
avoid drinking fluids that contain alcohol or caffeine because this increases fluid excretion

Question 19

pt education about fluid volume excess

Answer 19

• weigh self daily (notify provider if there is a 1 to 2lb gain in 24 hr or 3lb in one week)
• consume low sodium diet
• keep record of daily sodium intake
• fluid restriction intake

Question 20

hyponatremia

Answer 20

sodium levels less than 136 mEq/L

• water moves from ECF into ICF causing cells to swell (cerebral edema)
• compensatory mechanisms include excretion of sodium free water

Question 21

hypernatremia

Answer 21

sodium levels above 145

• causes hypertonicity of the serum
• causes shift of water out of cells, become dehydrated cells

Question 22

foods high in potassium

Answer 22

avocados
broccoli 
dairy products
dried fruit
cantaloupe
bananas