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AS psychology > psychopathology overbiew > Flashcards

psychopathology overbiew Flashcards

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1
Q

define phobias

A

a group of mental disorders characterised by high levels of anxiety in response to a particular stimulus

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2
Q

emotional characteristics of phobias

A
  • anxiety and panic

- fear that is persistent and excessive

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3
Q

behavioural characteristics of Phobias

A
  • avoidance in the feared situation which interfere with the persons normal routine
  • fainting or freezing
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4
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A
  • irrational nature of the persons thinking and the resistance to rational arguments
  • e.g. a person’s fear of flying isn’t helped by the argument that flying is actually the safest form of transport
  • the person recognises that their fest is excessive or unrealistic
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5
Q

define OCD

A

anxiety disorder where anxiety arises from obsessions (persistent thoughts) and compulsions (behaviours that are repeated)

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6
Q

behavioural characteristics of OCD

A
  • compulsive behaviours are performed to reduce anxiety.
  • repetitive and unconcealed
  • e.g. hand washing
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7
Q

cognitive behaviours of OCD

A
  • obsessions are recurrent, intrusive thoughts that are seen as inappropriate
  • e.g. that germs are everywhere
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8
Q

emotional behaviours of OCD

A
  • stress and anxiety

- embarrassment/shame

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9
Q

define depression

A

a mood disorder when an individual feels sad and/or lacks interest in their usual activities

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10
Q

emotional characteristics of depression

A
  • sadness and feeling empty
  • feel worthless, hopeless
  • low self esteem
  • lost of interest in usual hobbies and anger is associated with depression
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11
Q

behavioural characteristics of depression

A
  • reduced energy
  • sense of tiredness
  • agitation and restless
  • sleep may be effected
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12
Q

cognitive characteristics of depression

A
  • negative thoughts such as guilt, negative self beliefs
  • negative view of the world
  • these negative thoughts are irrational
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13
Q

define statistical infrequency

A

abnormality is defined as those behaviours that are extremely rare. I.e. any behaviour that is found in very few people is regarded as abnormal

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14
Q

what is the man objection to statistical infrequency ?

A
  • there are may abnormal behaviours that are desirable

- e.g. a few people have an IQ over 150, yet we wouldn’t want to suggest that having a high IQ is undesirable

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15
Q

what is a problem with statistical infrequency ?

A
  • if abnormality is defined in terms of statistical infrequency we need to decided where to separate normality from abnormality
  • e.g. we might consider one of the symptoms of depression as difficulty sleeping. What then counts as abnormal? we might decide that sleeping less that 80% of the population is abnormal
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16
Q

strength of statistical infrequency

A

it can provide an objective way, based on data, to define abnormality

17
Q

define deviation from social norms

A
  • abnormal behaviour is seen as a deviation from unstated rules about how one ‘ought’ to behave.
  • anything that violates these rules is considered abnormal.
  • e.g. in the past homosexuality was classified as abnormal
18
Q

a strength of deviation from social norms

A
  • it distinguishes between desirable and undesirable behaviour.
  • it also takes account of the effects the behaviour of an individual is having on others.
  • according to this definition, abnormal behaviour is behaviour that damages others.
19
Q

limitation of deviation from social norms

A
  • it relates to context and degree of behaviour
  • not clear line between what is an abnormal deviation and what isn’t.
  • e.g. a person on a beach wearing near to nothing is seen as normal but if this person was wearing near to nothing in a classroom then it would be regarded as abnormal
20
Q

define failure to function adequately

A
  • people are judged on their ability to go about daily life
  • if they can’t do this and are also experiencing distress (or others are distressed by them) then it is considered a sign of abnormality
21
Q

what is the DSM

A

-it is an assessment of ability to function, understanding/communicating, getting around, self care, getting along with people, life activities and participation in society

22
Q

strength of failure to function adequately

A
  • it does recognise the subjective experience of the patient, allowing us to view mental disorders from the perception of the person experiencing it.
  • also, it is relatively easy to judge as we can lost behaviours and thus judge abnormality objectively
23
Q

weakness of failure to function adequately

A
  • the criteria is likely to result in different diagnosis when applied to people from different cultures as the standard of one culture is being used to measure another.
  • this may explain why lower class and non white patients are more often diagnosed with mental disorders as their lifestyles are different from the dominant culture
24
Q

define deviation from ideal mental health

A

-Jahadoa suggested six criteria necessary for ideal mental health. An absence of any of these characteristics indicate individuals being abnormal

25
Q

what are the 6 criteria for ideal mental health that Jahoda proposed

A
  1. self attitude = high self esteem
  2. personal growth = the extent to which an individual develops their full capabilities
  3. integration = being able to cope with stress
  4. autonomy = independence
  5. accurate perception of reality
  6. mastery of environment = ability to love, function at home, work etc
26
Q

strength of deviation from ideal mental health

A
  • it is a positive approach as it offers an alternative perspective on mental disorders.
  • Jahoda’s ideas had influenced in ‘positive psychology’
27
Q

weakness of deviation from ideal mental health

A
  • the criteria are difficult to measure
  • according to the criteria most of us are abnormal
  • we have to ask ourself how many criteria need to be lacking before a person is judged as abnormal

AS psychology (36 decks)

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