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AS psychology > biopsychology > Flashcards

biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

the somatic nervous system…

A

connects the central nervous system and the senses

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2
Q

which one of the following responses results from the action of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

  1. decreased pupil size
  2. increased digestion
  3. increased heart rate
  4. increased salvation
A

increased heart rate

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3
Q

the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. True or false?

A

true

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4
Q

the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements. True or false

A

true

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5
Q

identify two components of the peripheral nervous system, and explain two differences in their organisation

A
  • somatic nervous system
  • automatic nervous system
  • somatic system is involved in reflex actions without the involvement of the CNS, which allows the reflex to occur very quickly.
  • automatic system involves involuntary actions such as heart rate. You aren’t consciously aware of these actions happening.
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6
Q

motor neurones carry messages to the CNS. True or false ?

A

false

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7
Q

the nucleus of a neurone is found outside of the cell body. True or false?

A

false

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8
Q

sensory neurones carry information…

A

towards the brain

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9
Q

Jeremy is digging in the garden. He feels the spade hit a rock and stops digging immediately.

Explain how sensory, relay and motor neurones would function in this situation

A
  • sensory neurones send info from the senses to the brain. In this scenario, the receptors in Jeremy’s hand would sense the jolt of the spade hitting the rock and this info is sent to the CNS by the peripheral nervous system
  • relay neurones allow sensory and motor neurones to communicate with each other. They would decide how to respond to the sensation of the spade hitting the rock by acting between the sensory and motor neurones.
  • motor neurones form synapses with muscles and control their contractions. The messages from the brain tell Jeremy’s arm muscles to stop working which results in him to stop digging.
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10
Q

briefly outline how excitation and inhibition are involved in synaptic transmission

A
  • neurotransmitters are either excitatory or inhibitory
  • excitatory neurotransmitters increase the likelihood that an excitatory signal is sent to the postsynaptic cell, which is then more likely to fire.
  • inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood of that neurone firing.
  • the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are summed.
  • if the net effect on the post synaptic neurone is inhibitory, the neurone will be less likely to fire and if the net effect is excitatory the neurone will be more likely to fire.
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11
Q

explain one function of the endocrine system

A
  • to manufacture and secrete hormones that are required to regulate bodily functions.
  • this works by the release of the correct amount of the specific hormone to regulate reproduction
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12
Q

identify two glands that form part of the endocrine system and outline their functions

A
  • endocrine glands
  • pituitary glands
  • function of endocrine glands is to produce and secrete hormones that regulate the activity of cells in the body
  • the function of the pituitary gland is to produce hormones whose primary function is to influence the release of hormones from other glands
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13
Q

which two of the following statements about fight or flight response are correct

  1. there is a decrease in the release of adrenaline
  2. the flow of blood is diverted from the surface of the skin
  3. the process of digestion is inhibited
  4. the parasympathetic division is in control of functioning
  5. there is a reduction in the rate of respiration
A
  • the flow of blood is diverted from the surface of the skin
  • the process of digestion is inhibited
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14
Q

outline the role of adrenaline in the fight or flight response

A
  • adrenaline is released from the adrenal medulla in response to activation of the sympathomedullary
  • adrenaline has a range of effects on the body.
  • when adrenaline is released the heart beats faster and blood pressure increases.
  • the general effect of adrenaline include preparing the body for action, fight or flight
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15
Q

using an example, explain what is meant by the fight or flight response

A
  • a sequence of activity within the body that is triggered when the body prepares itself for attacking or running away to safety
  • this activity involves changes in the nervous system and the secretion of hormones that are necessary to sustain arousal
  • e.g. when you are high up on the cliff and almost slip
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16
Q

Martha was telling her friend about Sanya about her recent frightening experience.

‘I was walking home by myself in the dark. Suddenly, I heated footsteps behind me and I realised that someone was getting closer to me. I saw a bus at the bus stop and decided to run. I don’t think I have ever moved with such speed. I least on the bus- shaking, sweating and my heart was beating so fast I nearly collapsed’.

outline the role of the CNS and autonomic nervous system in behaviour. Refer to Martha’s experience

A
  • the role of the CNS is to receive info from the senses and control the body’s response.
  • the hypothalamus is a part of the brain which regulates body temperature. As Martha is sweating her hypothalamus is about to kick in and reduce her body temperature so she stops sweating.
  • the role of the automatic nervous system is to govern the brains involuntary activities.
  • Martha’s heart ‘was beating so fast’ which is an involuntary action produced by the automatic nervous system
17
Q

you are walking home at night. It is dark and you hear someone running behind you. Your breathing quickens, your mouth dries and your heart pounds. Then you hear your friend call out ‘hey, wait for me! We can walk back together’. Your breathing slows down and after a couple of minutes you are walking home calmly with your friend.

Explain the actions of the autonomic nervous system. Refer to the description above In your answer

A
  • the automatic nervous system involves involuntary actions without your conscious awareness
  • the sympathetic nervous system is what causes my breathing to quicken and my heart to pound because it is preparing my body for rapid action since I believe I am under treat due to someone running behind me.
  • my breathing slows down after a couple of minutes because the parasympathetic nervous system has reduced my heart beat and blood pressure and is the result of relaxation once the emergency has passed
18
Q

visual centres

A
  • visual info starts when light enters the eye

- nerve impulses travel up the optic nerve to the thalamus and are then passed on to the visual cortex

19
Q

motor areas

A
  • controls voluntary movements

- both hemispheres have a motor cortex with each side controlling muscles on the opposite side of the body

20
Q

relay neurones

A

connect different parts of the CNS

21
Q

bodily rhythms

A

circadian = 24 hour cycle. E.g. the sleep waking cycle

ultradian = occur more than once a day. E.g. cycles of REM and NVEM in a single nights sleep

infrarian = occur less than once a day. E.g. the menstrual cycle monthly

22
Q

the two parts of the automatic ns

A

sympathetic = leafs to increased arousal. E.g. increased heart rate. Link to fight or flight

parasympathetic = leads to decreased arousal

23
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic and somatic

connects CNS to body and external environment

autonomic = controls bodily arousal, temp

somatic = connects CNS with senses

24
Q

motor neurones

A

convey instructions for physical operations

e.g. release of hormones from glands

25
Q

sensory neurones

A

convey info about sensory stimuli towards the brain

e.g. vision, touch

26
Q

all bodily rhythms are controlled by an interaction of …

A

endogenous pacemakers (EP’s) = internal biological structures that control and regulate the rhythm

exogenous zeitgebers (EZ’s ) = external environmental factors that influence the rhythm

27
Q

FMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

a brain scanner which measures blood flow to the brain

increased blood flow means increased demand for oxygen in the area

AS psychology (36 decks)

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