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AS psychology > inferential statistics research methods > Flashcards

inferential statistics research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what three things do you need to consider when choosing a statistical test?

A

research design
research aim
level of measurement

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2
Q

what are the two types of research design

A

related = produced by repeated measures and matched pairs

independent = produced from independent groups design

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3
Q

what are the two types of research aim?

A

is the aim to test a significant difference of a significant association/ correlation

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4
Q

what are the three levels of measurement/ data

A

nominal
ordinal
interval

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5
Q

what is nominal data ?

A
  • most basic level of measurement
  • frequency count that can be put into one category but not rank order
  • e.g. a frequency count on the number of aggressive and non aggressive acts in an observation
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6
Q

what is ordinal data

A
  • consists of a list of data than can be ranked in order, but not data that would fit into an interval scale
  • do not have an objective scale
  • e.g. the subjective rating of happiness (on a scale from 1 to 10) that participants may score themselves as on a questionnaire. A happiness rating of 10 is higher than 5, but it is not twice as happy as 5
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7
Q

what is interval data ?

A
  • measured on a scale in which each interval is exactly the same size
  • e.g. this is interval data because each second is the same duration, and 10 seconds are twice as long as 5 seconds.
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8
Q

what are the eight different statistical tests

A
  • Spearman’s Rho
  • Wilcoxon signed ranks test
  • Mann Whitney U test
  • Chi squared test
  • Pearson’s r
  • unrelated
  • related
  • sign test
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9
Q

what is Spearman’s Rho ?

A
  • a test for significant association

- the levels of measurement must be ordinal

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10
Q

what is Wilcoxon signed ranks test ?

A
  • a test for significant difference
  • for related data ( repeated groups or matched pairs)
  • level of measurement is ordinal
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11
Q

what is Mann- Whitney U test?

A
  • a test of significant difference
  • independent groups design
  • level of measurement is ordinal
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12
Q

what is chi squared test ?

A
  • test for difference or association
  • nominal data
  • if it’s for a test of difference than it is independent groups design
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13
Q

what is a sign test

A
  • tests for a difference
  • for related
  • for nominal data
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14
Q

What is Pearson’s r test

A
  • tests for an association

- interval data

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15
Q

what is unrelated t- test

A
  • tests for a difference
  • independent group design
  • interval data
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16
Q

what is a related t test

A
  • tests for a difference
  • related
  • interval data
17
Q

Independent + nominal =

A

chi squared test

18
Q

independent + ordinal =

A

Mann Witney u test

19
Q

independent + interval

A

unrelated t test

20
Q

related + nominal =

A

sign test

21
Q

related + ordinal =

A

Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test

22
Q

related + interval

A

related t test

23
Q

association + nominal =

A

chi squared

24
Q

association + ordinal

A

Spearman’s Rho

25
Q

association +’interval

A

Pearson’s r

26
Q

When deciding whether to accept or reject a hypothesis what two things need to be considered ?

A
  • how many participants are in each condition/ pairs of scores
  • whether you have a directional or non directional hypothesis
27
Q

a one tailed test is applied to …

A

directional hypothesis

28
Q

a two tailed test is applied to…

A

a non directional hypothesis

29
Q

the significance level for the result of any test is expresses as what ?

A

a probability value from 0-1

can be written at percentage or decimal

30
Q

what does the significance level indicate ?

A
  • the probability that the null hypothesis is true
  • so it follows that a researcher would want a very small probability value in order to claim that the test result is statistically significant
31
Q

what is the null hypothesis

A

results are down to chance

32
Q

what is the minimum acceptable value for deciding whether a test result is statistically significant

A

5%

33
Q

if the 5% level of significance is achieved this means the probability that the null hypothesis is true is…

A

1 in 20

34
Q

what is a type 1 error

A

occurs when a null hypothesis is rejected when it should not have been

35
Q

what is a type 2 error

A

occurs when a null hypothesis is retained when it should not have been

AS psychology (36 decks)

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