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AQA A-level Psychology > Psychopathology - Done the SIl part of the booklet > Flashcards

Psychopathology - Done the SIl part of the booklet Flashcards

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1
Q

What are behavioural characteristics?

A

Actions

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2
Q

What are emotional characteristics?

A

Feelings

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3
Q

What are cognitive characteristics?

A

Thoughts

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4
Q

What are behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A
  • Compulsions (repetitive rituals performed as a result of the anxiety caused by obsessions)
  • E.g repeating certain words when passing a post box
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5
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

A
  • Intense anxiety (unpleasant physiological arousal) and distress, caused by obsessions
  • E.g feeling foolish that you think your family may die
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6
Q

What are cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A
  • Obsessive, irrational, persistent and intrusive thoughts, images or urges that repeatedly enter the mind
  • E.g ‘an intruder will harm my family if I don’t check the lock 20 times’
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7
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A
  • Avoiding social events previously enjoyed
  • Change in activity (lethargy), sleep (insomnia/hypersomnia) and eating (increase or decrease
  • E.g. refusing invitations to meet up with freinds
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8
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

A
  • Low mode affecting feels of self-esteem and pleasure
  • E.g intense sadness and worth fullness
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9
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

A
  • Irrational negative beliefs about the self, the world and future
  • E.g ‘Everyone hates me and I will never be liked’
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10
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias?

A
  • Avoidance of the phobic stimulus (avoiding places where the fear will be encountered)
  • Remaining in the phobic stimulus presence (endurance ‘freezing’)
  • E.g not going on holiday if you have to go across a bridge
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11
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?

A
  • Intense physiological feeling of fear
  • E.g dread and terror at the thought of speaking in public
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12
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?

A
  • Irrational beliefs about the phobic stimulus and resistance to rational arguments
  • E.g ‘spiders will kill me’
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13
Q

What is the definition of deviation from social norms?

A

Behaviour is abnormal if it goes against what society considers the norm

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14
Q

What is the explanation of deviation from social norms?

A
  • If behaviour is different to the typical way society perceives something its abnormal
  • Abnormal behaviour is breaking societies rules, beliefs and values, how you should behave
  • They may be explicit (wearing clothes) or implicit (not wearing black at funerals)
  • Atypical behaviour is deviant as it is not expected behaviour
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15
Q

How does deviation from social norms apply to OCD?

A
  • Society has an unwritten rule that it is unacceptable to do behaviour which is repetitive or ritualistic (e.g avoiding shaking hands)
  • Typical behaviour does not involve checking things several times
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16
Q

How does deviation from social norms apply to depression?

A
  • Society has an unwritten rule that its unacceptable to have persistent low mood (refusing to get out of bed is not conductive to working)
  • Typical behaviour does not involve insomnia or no appetite
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17
Q

How does deviation from social norms apply to Phobias?

A
  • Society has an unwritten rule that its wrong to avoid situations that aren’t harmful (e.g refusing to go near pigeons)
  • Typical behaviour doesn’t involve refusing to attend your friends party
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18
Q

What are the weaknesses of deviation from social norms definition?

A
  • Culturally relative
  • Era dependant
  • Context dependant
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19
Q

Why is deviation from social norms definition culturally relative?

A
  • Social norms vary between different cultures
  • E.g women being topless is not the norm in our culture but may be in a tribal society
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20
Q

Why is deviation from social norms definition era dependant?

A
  • Societal norms change over time.
  • Attitudes and beliefs change due to historical, political and cultural changes
  • E.g same sex relationships between males was illegal and a mental illness until the 1960s
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21
Q

Why is deviation from social norms definition context dependent?

A
  • Abnormal behaviours are dependant on the situation in which they are being judged
  • Many behaviours can be judged as eccentric not abnormal psychiatrically.
  • E.g face tattoos break an implicit rule in society but aren’t abnormal clinically
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22
Q

What is the definition failure to function adequately?

A

Behaviour is abnormal if it prevents a person from leading a normal, everyday life and coping with everyday activities

23
Q

What definition does Rosenham and Seligmans types of behaviour belong too?

A

Failure to function adequately

24
Q

When do Rosenham and Seligman say behaviour is abnormal?

A

When it becomes:
- Maladaptive behaviour
- Irrational behaviour
- Observer discomfort
- Unpredictable behaviour

25
Q

What is maladaptive behaviour (Rosenham and Seligman)?

A

The behaviour stops a person from reaching life goals, both socially and occupationally

26
Q

What is irrational behaviour (Rosenham and Seligman)?

A

Displaying behaviour that cannot be explained in a rational, reasonable way

27
Q

What is observer discomfort (Rosenham and Seligman)?

A

Displaying behaviour that makes people feel uncomfortable

28
Q

What is unpredictable behaviour (Rosenham and Seligman)?

A

Displaying unexpected behaviours characterised by a loss of control

29
Q

How does failure to function adequately apply to OCD?

A
  • A compulsive hand washer may scrub the skin of their hands through excessive hand washing
  • This creates observer discomfort as it may make others squeamish
30
Q

How does failure to function adequately apply to Depression?

A
  • A depressive may be self-loathing and suicidal
  • This could be irrational behaviour as the individual could appear to be successful and happy
31
Q

How does failure to function adequately apply to Phobias?

A
  • An individual could freeze or panic in front of their phobic object/situations
  • This could be maladaptive behaviour as it may prevent them from going out
32
Q

What are the negatives of the failure to function adequately definition?

A
  • Based on subjective judgements
  • Culturally relative
  • Failing to function is not a defining feature of abnormality
33
Q

Why is the definition failure to function adequately based on subjective arguments?

A
  • What is classed as failing to function may depend on personal opinion
  • For example those with Tourettes have tics. Some people may find it uncomfortable where’s others won’t be offended
34
Q

Why is the definition failure to function adequately culturally relative?

A
  • What is failing to function varies around the world
  • In western culture hallucinations are a sign of failing to function but in non western cultures they are a spiritual experience
35
Q

Why is the definition failure to function adequately not a defining feature of abnormality?

A
  • It is possible to be abnormal and function adequately
  • Abnormal behaviour showed by psychopaths may not meet any of the criteria of failing to function
  • Harold Shipman killed over 250 patients whilst maintaining his family and GP career
36
Q

What is the definition deviation from ideal mental health based on?

A

Humanist approach

37
Q

What is the definition of deviation from mental health?

A
  • Behaviour is abnormal if it lacks the signs of what people consider to be ideal mental health
  • It is the absence of particular (ideal) characteristics
38
Q

Which researcher is linked to the definition of deviation from ideal mental health?

A

Jahoda

39
Q

What is the explanation of deviation from ideal mental health?

A
  • Jahoda - abnormal behaviour is defined by the absence of 6 characteristics that are associated with ideal mental health
40
Q

What is Jahoda 6 characteristics associated with ideal mental health?

A
  • Having a positive view of yourself with a strong sense of identity
  • Being capable of person growth and self-actualisation
  • Being independent of others and self regulating
  • Have an accurate view of reality
  • Positive Friends and relationships
  • Environmental mastery - being able to meet the varying demands of day to day situations
41
Q

How does the definition deviation from ideal mental health apply to depression?

A
  • May not have a positive view of themselves
  • Lack the motivation to grow, develop and reach their full potential (self-actualise)
  • They may find it difficult to resist and cope with stress
  • Do not have an accurate perception of reality, such as being overly pessimistic
42
Q

What is the strength of the definition deviation from ideal mental health?

A
  • It takes a positive approach to behaviour
  • It focuses what is helpful and desirable behaviour rather than behaviours that show abnormality
  • It allows clear goals to be set during therapy so they can work towards ideal mental health
43
Q

What are the weaknesses of the definition of deviation from ideal mental health?

A
  • Based on subjective judgements
  • The criteria for ideal mental health is unrealistic
44
Q

Why is the definition of deviation from ideal mental health based on subjective arguments?

A
  • The criteria are vague and difficult to measure (such as mastery of the environment)
  • It is unclear how many criteria needs to be missing to be defined as abnormal
45
Q

Why is the definition of deviation from ideal mental health unrealistic?

A
  • The criteria is unrealistic as it is practically impossible to achieve all the criteria of ideal mental health all the time
  • Maslow said that only a few people ever manage self-actualisation (around 1%)
46
Q

What is the definition of statistical infrequency (definitions of abnormality)?

A

Behaviour is considered rare/uncommon in the general population, or is not seen very often

47
Q

What is the explanation of statistical infrequency (definitions of abnormality)?

A

*The majority of people are ‘normal’ (clustered around the middle of a normal distribution curve), the minority are ‘abnormal’ (they are the tail ends of the curve)
*The less frequently a behaviour occurs in people then the more abnormal the behaviour.
*If your behaviour is 2 SD’s or more above or below the mean on a normal distribution you would be in approx. 2% of population -> abnormal
*Having an IQ below 70 is ‘abnormal’ (intellectual disability disorder)

48
Q

How does statical infrequency definition apply to OCD?

A
  • It is statistically rare in the population
  • Around 2.3% of the adult population in USA suffer
  • Therefore a minority of people suffer from OCD making it abnormal
49
Q

What is the strength of statistical infrequency as a definition of abnormality?

A
  • Objective
50
Q

Why is the statistical infrequency definition of abnormality objective?

A
  • Provides clear guidelines on how to identify when a behaviour should be classed as abnormal
51
Q

What are the weaknesses of statistical infrequency as a definition of abnormality?

A
  • Not necessary a defining feature of abnormality
  • Era dependant
52
Q

Why is statistical infrequency as a definition of abnormality era dependant?

A
  • Behaviours that were statistically rare years ago may be more common today, and vice versa.
  • E.g 10 times more people suffer from major depression now compared to in 1945, which means the disorder is not abnormal today but would have been 75 years ago
53
Q

Why is statistical infrequency not necessary a defining feature of abnormality?

A
  • Some statistically rare behaviour are considered normal and vice versa
  • E.g 6.7% of US adults suffer from major depression which means the disorder is not technically ‘infrequent’ as defined here
  • Also highly intelligent people with an IQ over 130 are in the top 2%, so are statistically rare but not considered abnormal

AQA A-level Psychology (11 decks)

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