Psychopathology

Question 1

Three criteria for OCPD

Answer 1

• Tendency towards perfectionism interferes with one’s completion of important tasks.
• Believes that money is something to hang onto for future catastrophes.
• Stubbornly refuses to delegate tasks to coworkers or family members.

Question 2

What is the criteria for schizophreniform disorder?

Answer 2

The presence of at least two characteristic symptoms for at least one month, but less than six months, with at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.

Question 3

4 Diagnostic criteria for Conduct Disorder

Answer 3

1. Aggression towards people and animals
2. Destruction of property
3. Deceitfulness or theft
4. Serious violation of rules

Question 4

What is the criteria to meet bipolar II disorder

Answer 4

The diagnosis requires at least one current or past hypomanic episode and at least one current or past major depressive episode.

Question 5

What is the heritability rate for bipolar disorder in twins?

Answer 5

Studies are most consistent with 90% heritability rate.

Question 6

Schizophrenia Concordance Rates
For First Degree Relative who shares 50% genes:

Answer 6

6% biological parent
9% biological siblings
13% child (offspring)
17% dizygotic twin.
48% monozygotic twins who share
100% of their genes.

Question 7

What is the concordance rate for schizophrenia for non-twin siblings?

Answer 7

9%

Question 8

List the criteria to diagnose cyclothymic disorder.

Answer 8

-Depressive symptoms that do not meet MDD
-hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for hypomanic episode
- adult duration of symptoms 24 months
- children and adolescence symptom duration 12 months.

Question 9

What has research found out about texting and smoking cessation?

Answer 9

Text messaging is effective as a standalone treatment, and text messaging plus other smoking interventions is more effective than other smoking interventions alone.

Question 10

What drug class is most likely to cause pupillary constriction?

Answer 10

Opioid

Question 11

Interoceptive Exposure

Answer 11

Exposing the individual to the physical sensations associated with a panic attack.

Its goal is to help the client habituate to those sensations.

Question 12

What is the first line treatment for agoraphobia?

Answer 12

In vivo exposure and response prevention.

Question 13

Criteria for a depersonalization/de realization disorder

Answer 13

Involving a “sense of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer with respect to one’s thoughts, feelings, sensation, bodies, or actions” people with this may say they feel like a robot or automation, have vagues somatic symptoms, like lightheadedness, and experience, anxiety, or depression.

Question 14

What are the two techniques Lovaas used to teach young nonspeaking children with ASD to communicate verbally?

Answer 14

Discrimination training and shaping

Question 15

What is the diagnostic criteria for schizoeffective disorder?

Answer 15

Concurrent symptoms of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder or a manic episode for the duration of the illness, but the psychosis must be present without mood symptoms for two or more weeks.

Question 16

What areas of the brain are most affected by Alzheimer’s in its early stages?

Answer 16

The entorhinal cortex and hippocampus.

Question 17

What is the optimal difficulty level for a test question and why?

Answer 17

.75 The optimal difficulty level falls between 100% and the probability of choosing the correct answer by guessing which is 50%. So you calculate between 1.0 and .50 which is .75.

Question 18

What’s the difference between Avoidant PD, schizoid PD, and schizotyple PD?

Answer 18

Schizoid PD is characterized by emotional detachment and social disinterest

Schizotypal PD involves eccentric behavior, odd beliefs, paranoia and transient psychotic-like symptoms.

Avoidant PD avoids social situations because of fear of rejection.

Question 19

Read classes of personality disorders, and their themes and name the disorders.

Answer 19

Class A

Question 20

The severity of substance used disorder (mild, moderate or severe) is determined by what?

Answer 20

Current number of symptoms.

Question 21

What are the three primary goals of individual therapy in DBT.

Answer 21

The elimination of the following behaviors:

• quality-of-life interfering behaviors
• therapy-interfering behaviors
• life-threatening behaviors

Question 22

Deficits in what underly many of the impairments in social functioning that are characteristic of ASD.

Answer 22

Face recognition.

Question 23

In order, what are the mean scores for TBI patients on the WAIS?

Answer 23

Verbal Comprehension
Perceptual Reasoning
Working Memory
Processing Speed

Question 24

What is the prevalent rate for suicide among the male and female populations as of 2020?

Answer 24

Males are still at a higher rate being ages 75 years+. For females the rate is 45- 64 years of age.

Question 25

Criteria for Provisional Tic disorder

Answer 25

Requires:
1. one or more motor and or vocal techs that
2. have been present for less than one year and
3. began before the individuals 18th birthday.

Question 26

What is the difference between conversion disorder and somatic symptom disorder?

Answer 26

While both require a healthy medical evaluation, conversion disorder is about developing physical and/or sensory symptoms that actually cause impairment and are a psychological response to another distress. Somatic Symptom disorder is about being in distress because of the focus on pain, fatigue, weakness, or shortness of breath.

Question 27

Prevalence rate of women who experience a major depressive episode between birth and 12 months postpartum.

Answer 27

7%

Question 28

What is the therapeutic index equation used to measure the relative safety of a drug?

Answer 28

TI=LD50/ED50

The larger the magnitude of TI, the safer the drug.

Question 29

Symptoms often found in subcortical neurocognitive disorders such as do’s associated with HIV.

Answer 29

Forgetfulness, apathy, and psychomotor retardation.

Question 30

What is the rate of bipolar and depressive disorders for female adolescence in comparison to male adolescence?

Answer 30

Prevalence rate is 1.5 to 3 times more for females than for males.

Question 31

What sensory system is most often involved in the flashbacks associated with hallucinogen persisting perception disorder?

Answer 31

Visual

Question 32

Explanation for specific phobias are developed.

Answer 32

Mowrer’s two-factor theory which is a combo of classical and operant conditioning.

The person’s avoidant behavior is negatively reinforced.

Question 33

Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms

Answer 33

Autonomic hyperactivity
Hand tremor
Insomnia
Nausea/vomiting
Transient hallucinations or illusions
Psychomotor agitation
Anxiety
General tonic-clonic seizures

Question 34

Gender Dysphoria

Answer 34

Discordance between ones experienced AND assigned gender.

Question 35

Gold Standard for evaluating psychogenic non epileptic seizures (PNES)

Answer 35

Video EEG

Question 36

What disorders are associated with increased intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and striatal volume?

Answer 36

GAD and OCD

Question 37

What is the relationship between Serotonin and ASD?

Answer 37

High levels of Serotonin in the brain during neuronal development causes neuronal damage.