Learning Flashcards
Behavioral Contrast
Occurs when two behaviors are reinforced and reinforcement for one behavior is stopped.
Premack Principle
Type of positive reinforcement in which a high-frequency behavior is used as a reinforcer to increase a low-frequency behavior.
Differential Reinforcement
Used in ABA and involves selectively reinforcing desired behaviors while withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors.
In the context of classical conditioning, what is blocking?
When a new neutral stimulus and a previously conditioned CS (CS1) are presented together before the presentation of the US.
What is overcorrection used for?
Used to eliminate and replace an undesirable behavior that usually includes two phases: restitution and positive practice.
Successive Approximation Conditioning is also known as what and why?
It is known as “Shaping” and it involves reinforcing successive approximations until the desired behavior is established.
What is the difference between a positive discriminative stimulus and a negative discriminative stimulus?
Positive discriminate stimulus equals reinforcement that will be delivered following the performance of a particular behavior.
Negative discriminative stimulus signals that reinforcement will not be delivered after the behavior is delivered.
What conditioning response has been found to be responsible for counter-conditioning?
Extinction. Because repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS) causes extinction of the conditioned response (CR)
What is the keyword method and what is it used for?
The method involves creating an image that links two words or links a word and it’s definition and is particularly useful for second language learning.
Proactive Interference
Occurs when prior learning interferes with the ability to learn or recall new information
Retroactive interference
The tendency of later learning to hinder the memory of previously learned material
Serial position effect
The tendency to remember the first and last items on a list better than those in the middle
Recency effect
A cognitive bias in which those items, ideas or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those that came first
What is “shaping?”
Also known as “successive approximation conditioning”, and involves reinforcing successive approximation to the desired behavior until the desired behavior is established
What is the difference between shaping and chaining in learning?
Shaping focuses on reinforcing closer, and closer approximations to a single desired behavior. Chaining teaches a sequence of behaviors to complete an overall behavior goal.
What is Mowrer’s two-factor theory of learning and what conditioning method uses this theory?
The theory proposes that some behaviors are the result of the combination of classical and operant conditioning. Avoidance conditioning is an example of the two factor learning as it combines classical conditioning and negative reinforcement.
In the context of operant conditioning, what is the difference between fading and thinning?
Fading refers to the gradual removal of prompts so that eventually the desired behavior occurs without prompts. Thinning refers to the reduction of reinforcement.
Fading refers to prompts and thinning refers to reduction of reinforcement.
According to Skinner, how our superstitious behaviors developed and what reinforcement schedule is used?
Superstitious behaviors are developed from non-contention reinforcement aka. negative reinforcement. Fixed interval schedule is used.
According to Pavlov, what is experimental neurosis?
The inability to distinguish between stimuli causing strange behavior in otherwise well-trained animals.
What is the capacity of sensory memory?
Also known as sensory register, it has a large capacity for Information, but stores it for a brief period of time. (From about 1/4 second to 4 seconds.)
What is the method of loci used for?
Method of loci uses a visual image to help encode and recall a list of unrelated words. It involves choosing a familiar location and visually placing each word in a different place in that location. It helps you to remember the word because of the visual object that it’s located by.