Lifespan

Question 1

Age of Viability

Answer 1

22-26 Weeks after conception

Question 2

PMTO (Parent Management Training-Oregon Model)

Answer 2

Designed to stop coercive parenting style by providing parents with therapy to help them deal better with stress and teaching them effective parenting skills.

Question 3

Difference between Assimilation and Accommodation

Answer 3

Assimilation: Fitting into established knowledge.

Accommodation: Making room for new information.

Question 4

Developmental ages when self-conscious emotions emerge and what emotions appear in each stage?

Answer 4

18-24 Months: Embarrassment, envy and empathy

30-36 Months: Pride, shame and guilt

Question 5

Name Erikson’s stages of development and the character traits developed within each stage.

Answer 5

0/1- Trust vs. mistrust (hope)
1/3- Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (Will)
3/6- Initiative vs. guilt (Purpose)
7/11- Industry vs. inferiority
(Competence)
12/18- Identities vs. confusion
(Fidelity)
19/29- Intimacy vs. isolation (Love)
30/64- Generativity vs. stagnation
(Care)
65+- Integrity vs. despair (Wisdom)

Question 6

List the levels and stages of Kohlberg’s‘s moral development

Answer 6

Preconventional (3-7 age)- moral reasoning, based on reward and punishment
Stage 1 Avoiding punishment
Stage 2 Self-interest

Conventional (8 to 13 age) – moral reasoning, based on external ethics
Stage 3 Good boy/girl attitude
Stage 4 Law and order

Post conventional, (adulthood) – moral reasoning, based on personal ethics
Stage 5 Social contract
Stage 6 Principle

Question 7

In regard to language, the Smallest unit of meaning is referred to as a what?

Answer 7

Morpheme

Such as “inter,” “er,” “ism”, “ed” and “pre”.

Question 8

Full siblings, fraternal, twins, and other first degree relatives share how much of their genetic material?

Answer 8

50%

Question 9

What’s the difference between Kleinfelter,Turner and Rett’s?

Answer 9

– all three disorders are due to sex chromosome abnormalities

-Kleinfelters - Affects males, Extra X Chromosome, develops feminine features

• Turner - Affects females, only 1 X chromosome, do not develop sex characteristics and are infertile, short stature, stepping fingers, dripping eyelids, receding, or small, lower jaw, and I have like vision problems, skeletal abnormalities.

Rett’s- (AKA “RTY”) Caused by mutation from the MECP2 gene. Affects females. Infants with a disorder develop normally during the first 6 to 18 months then develop characteristic symptoms slow head and brain, loss of speech, motor skills, abnormal hand, movements, sleep, disturbances, breathing abnormalities, and seizures. Children also have autistic symptoms during the early stages of the disorder.

Question 10

Piaget’s explanation for how conservation is developed.

Answer 10

Developed during concrete operational stage as a result of the emergence of

reversibility of thought
decentration
transformational thinking.

Question 11

When does sound (auditory) localization emerge for infants?

Answer 11

Soon after birth and then disappears 2-4 months of age and then reappears and improves to nearly adult levels by 12 months of age.

Question 12

In language development, what does the term overextension mean?

Answer 12

When children use a word too broadly, for instance when they apply the same word to people, objects, or events that it does not apply to.

Question 13

In language learning, what does the term underextension mean?

Answer 13

When children apply a word only to a specific person, object or event rather than to all the people, objects, or events it applies to.

Question 14

What are the three stages of Piaget’s moral development model?

Answer 14

Pre-moral, heteronomous, and autonomous.

Heteronomous has to With basing judgments of a person’s behavior on its consequences. While, the autonomous stage bases moral judgments on the person’s intentions.

Question 15

Which type of memory is most negatively affected by increasing age?

Answer 15

Secondary memory, AKA “recent long-term memory”.

Question 16

What is nitch picking?

Answer 16

The tenancy of children and adolescence to seek experiences that reinforce their genetic predispositions.

Question 17

Phenotype

Answer 17

A characteristic that’s directly observable, and is the result of the combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Question 18

When does separation anxiety begin in most infants?

Answer 18

Between 6-8 months and peaks in intensity between 14 and 18 months and gradually decreases.

Question 19

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 19

AKA “childhood amnesia” which the inability of older children to, adolescents, and adults to recall events they experienced prior to 3-4 years of age.

Question 20

What are the four attachment experiences classified on the AAI and describe each category

Answer 20

Autonomous- supportive parents (secure attachment)

Dismissing- provide positive feedback about childhood, but descriptions do not support or are contradicted by actual memories.(anxious-avoidant infant attachment)

Preoccupied-reversal of caregiving roles during childhood (anxious-resistant attachment)

Unresolved- feel responsible for some loss or trauma suffered during childhood and still grieving.

Question 21

Horizontal decalage

Answer 21

Piaget’s description of the gradual acquisition of abilities within a cognitive developmental stage.

Question 22

Transitivity

Answer 22

Being able to understand how objects are related to one another

Question 23

Irreversibility

Answer 23

Refers to the young child’s difficulty with mentally reversing a sequence of events

Question 24

Centration

Answer 24

The tendency to focus on one salient aspect of a situation and neglect other possible relevant aspects.

Question 25

According to Vygotsky, what is the purpose of make-believe play?

Answer 25

It’s a sociocultural activity that provides children with a zone of proximal development in which they can adopt roles and engage in behaviors associated with those roles that they can’t do in every day life.

Remember that Make-believe play is associated with the term “zone of proximal development.” Which is a term associated with Vygotsky.

Question 26

Name the differences between Piaget’s primary, secondary and tertiary circular reactions.

Answer 26

Primary- occurs in 1 to 4 months of age. When infants focus on their bodies and discover pleasurable actions. “Primary” in this case refers to focusing on self.

Secondary- Occurs between 4 to 8 months of age. When infants begin interaction with objects in their environment and use them to learn about their world.

Tertiary- occurs between 12 and 18 months of age and involves exploring the properties of an object and trial and error when using the object.

Question 27

Stages of language learning

Answer 27

Cooing 6-8wks. Repeated vowel sounds like “oooo” and “aaaaeeeeoooo”

Babbling 3-6 mo. Single vowel consonant combinations with sounds from different languages. 9 mo. Babbling begins to narrow to native language.

Echolalia 9mo. Repeating sounds and words uttered by another person without understanding their meeting.

Comprehension stage 8-9mo

Reproduction stage 10-15mo

Holophrastic speech 12-15mo. Using one word to express an entire idea. Example: Saying “juice” for “I want juice”, “I finished my juice”, or “I spilled my juice.”

Telegraphic speech 18-24 mo. Using two words to express an entire thought. “Want juice.”

Question 28

Critical period for acquisition of syntax in a first language.

Answer 28

First year of life.

Question 29

Name and describe three types of language errors

Answer 29

Overextension Using a word to broadly, like using the word dog to refer to all furry four-legged animals.

underextension using a word to narrowly. Like using the word dog to only refer to the family pet.

overregularization when a child miss applies rules for plurals and past tense. For instance, “foots” instead of “feet” or “telled” instead of “told.”

Question 30

What is paralanguage?

Answer 30

It refers to how something is said rather than what is said, which can modify the meaning of what was said or to express emotion.

Also includes non-words like “huh” and “umm”

Question 31

Language brokering

Answer 31

The act of translating and interpreting within immigrant families by children and adolescence for their parents, other family members, and other adults.

Question 32

Three stages of Kohlberg’s gender-role development

Answer 32

Gender identity

gender stability

gender constancy

Question 33

Name Damon’s three stages of friendship and the age span of each stage.

Answer 33

1. Handy playmates (4 to 7 years)
2. Mutual trust and assistance (8-10 years)
3. Intimacy and loyalty (11+ years)

Question 34

Canalization

Answer 34

The extent to which genotype restricts phenotype to limited number of developmental outcomes regardless of environmental circumstances.

In other words, the restriction of phenotype by genotype.

Question 35

What does the vocabulary spurt happen for both babies and what does it include?

Answer 35

At 18 months babies use about 50 words and thereafter acquire additional words very quickly.

Question 36

What are the three dimensions of temperament identified by Rothbart?

Answer 36

Surgency/extraversion
Negative affectivity
Effortful control

Question 37

Is caused by a chromosomal deletion.

Answer 37

Prader-Willi syndrome characterized by intellectual disability, short stature, small hands and feet, and obesity.

Question 38

What is the outcome if the FMR1 gene is mutated on the X chromosome?

Answer 38

Produces Fragile X Syndrome, which affects twice as many males as it does females. It often looks like autism (sensory problems) however it includes learning disabilities or speech delay and typically includes elongated facial features, of which autism does not.

Question 39

Crick and Dodge’s social information processing model attributes high levels of aggression in children to what?

Answer 39

Hostile attribution bias

Question 40

Infants with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) is most likely to develop what?

Answer 40

Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 41

What is the purpose of knowing the heritability estimate for a particular trait in a population?

Answer 41

To be able to understand if the trait in that particular population is due to genetic or environmental factors.

Question 42

Reflexes that are measured soon after infants are born

Answer 42

Moro reflex a.k.a. “startle reflex” – when babies startle I loud noise or movements and in response through their head backs extend their arms and legs, and then curl their arms and legs inward.
Babinski reflex a.k.a. “Plantar reflex”- when the soul of the babies foot is firmly touched and in response to the babies, big toe moves Backward toward the top of the foot and the other.
Rooting reflex occurs in response to having the corner of the mouth touched babies turn their heads in the direction of the touch.

Question 43

Deferred imitation

Answer 43

It’s in Piaget‘s cognitive development. Follows the last stage of sensorimotor which is about 18 to 24 months. It’s the ability to imitate a complex action after a period time when the model is no longer present. Doesn’t occur until the infant can form enduring representations.

Question 44

What is the typical age that children pass the mirror self image test and what are the ages of children with down syndrome?

Answer 44

Normal children pass at 18 to 24 months of age. Down syndrome kids at 36 to 48 months.

Question 45

When during pregnancy is can teratogen exposure cause the most severe defects?

Answer 45

During the embryonic period which is from weeks 3 to 8 weeks.

Question 46

According to Park, perfect storm model describe the factors that contribute to adolescence sleep deprivation.

Answer 46

Screen time
School start time
Bedtime autonomy

Question 47

Time in development when baby’s start to recognize fearful faces

Answer 47

7 months. Prior to that they only recognize happy faces.

Question 48

What is the “perfect storm” in regards to adolescent sleep deprivation?

Answer 48

The combination of biological, societal, and psychosocial factors:

Biological-delayed sleep onset during is a result of changes in secretion of melatonin.

Societal factors: early starting times for school

Psychosocial factors – autonomy, overtimes, increase academic pressure, and excessive screen time in the evening.

Early start time and excessive screen time are the two primary factors in adolescent sleep deprivation.