Lifespan Flashcards
Age of Viability
22-26 Weeks after conception
PMTO (Parent Management Training-Oregon Model)
Designed to stop coercive parenting style by providing parents with therapy to help them deal better with stress and teaching them effective parenting skills.
Difference between Assimilation and Accommodation
Assimilation: Fitting into established knowledge.
Accommodation: Making room for new information.
Developmental ages when self-conscious emotions emerge and what emotions appear in each stage?
18-24 Months: Embarrassment, envy and empathy
30-36 Months: Pride, shame and guilt
Name Erikson’s stages of development and the character traits developed within each stage.
0/1- Trust vs. mistrust (hope)
1/3- Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (Will)
3/6- Initiative vs. guilt (Purpose)
7/11- Industry vs. inferiority
(Competence)
12/18- Identities vs. confusion
(Fidelity)
19/29- Intimacy vs. isolation (Love)
30/64- Generativity vs. stagnation
(Care)
65+- Integrity vs. despair (Wisdom)
List the levels and stages of Kohlberg’s‘s moral development
Preconventional (3-7 age)- moral reasoning, based on reward and punishment
Stage 1 Avoiding punishment
Stage 2 Self-interest
Conventional (8 to 13 age) – moral reasoning, based on external ethics
Stage 3 Good boy/girl attitude
Stage 4 Law and order
Post conventional, (adulthood) – moral reasoning, based on personal ethics
Stage 5 Social contract
Stage 6 Principle
In regard to language, the Smallest unit of meaning is referred to as a what?
Morpheme
Such as “inter,” “er,” “ism”, “ed” and “pre”.
Full siblings, fraternal, twins, and other first degree relatives share how much of their genetic material?
50%
What’s the difference between Kleinfelter,Turner and Rett’s?
– all three disorders are due to sex chromosome abnormalities
-Kleinfelters - Affects males, Extra X Chromosome, develops feminine features
- Turner - Affects females, only 1 X chromosome, do not develop sex characteristics and are infertile, short stature, stepping fingers, dripping eyelids, receding, or small, lower jaw, and I have like vision problems, skeletal abnormalities.
Rett’s- (AKA “RTY”) Caused by mutation from the MECP2 gene. Affects females. Infants with a disorder develop normally during the first 6 to 18 months then develop characteristic symptoms slow head and brain, loss of speech, motor skills, abnormal hand, movements, sleep, disturbances, breathing abnormalities, and seizures. Children also have autistic symptoms during the early stages of the disorder.
Piaget’s explanation for how conservation is developed.
Developed during concrete operational stage as a result of the emergence of
reversibility of thought
decentration
transformational thinking.
When does sound (auditory) localization emerge for infants?
Soon after birth and then disappears 2-4 months of age and then reappears and improves to nearly adult levels by 12 months of age.
In language development, what does the term overextension mean?
When children use a word too broadly, for instance when they apply the same word to people, objects, or events that it does not apply to.
In language learning, what does the term underextension mean?
When children apply a word only to a specific person, object or event rather than to all the people, objects, or events it applies to.
What are the three stages of Piaget’s moral development model?
Pre-moral, heteronomous, and autonomous.
Heteronomous has to With basing judgments of a person’s behavior on its consequences. While, the autonomous stage bases moral judgments on the person’s intentions.
Which type of memory is most negatively affected by increasing age?
Secondary memory, AKA “recent long-term memory”.
What is nitch picking?
The tenancy of children and adolescence to seek experiences that reinforce their genetic predispositions.
Phenotype
A characteristic that’s directly observable, and is the result of the combination of genetic and environmental factors.
When does separation anxiety begin in most infants?
Between 6-8 months and peaks in intensity between 14 and 18 months and gradually decreases.
Infantile Amnesia
AKA “childhood amnesia” which the inability of older children to, adolescents, and adults to recall events they experienced prior to 3-4 years of age.
What are the four attachment experiences classified on the AAI and describe each category
Autonomous- supportive parents (secure attachment)
Dismissing- provide positive feedback about childhood, but descriptions do not support or are contradicted by actual memories.(anxious-avoidant infant attachment)
Preoccupied-reversal of caregiving roles during childhood (anxious-resistant attachment)
Unresolved- feel responsible for some loss or trauma suffered during childhood and still grieving.
Horizontal decalage
Piaget’s description of the gradual acquisition of abilities within a cognitive developmental stage.
Transitivity
Being able to understand how objects are related to one another
Irreversibility
Refers to the young child’s difficulty with mentally reversing a sequence of events
Centration
The tendency to focus on one salient aspect of a situation and neglect other possible relevant aspects.
According to Vygotsky, what is the purpose of make-believe play?
It’s a sociocultural activity that provides children with a zone of proximal development in which they can adopt roles and engage in behaviors associated with those roles that they can’t do in every day life.
Remember that Make-believe play is associated with the term “zone of proximal development.” Which is a term associated with Vygotsky.
Name the differences between Piaget’s primary, secondary and tertiary circular reactions.
Primary- occurs in 1 to 4 months of age. When infants focus on their bodies and discover pleasurable actions. “Primary” in this case refers to focusing on self.
Secondary- Occurs between 4 to 8 months of age. When infants begin interaction with objects in their environment and use them to learn about their world.
Tertiary- occurs between 12 and 18 months of age and involves exploring the properties of an object and trial and error when using the object.
Stages of language learning
Cooing 6-8wks. Repeated vowel sounds like “oooo” and “aaaaeeeeoooo”
Babbling 3-6 mo. Single vowel consonant combinations with sounds from different languages. 9 mo. Babbling begins to narrow to native language.
Echolalia 9mo. Repeating sounds and words uttered by another person without understanding their meeting.
Comprehension stage 8-9mo
Reproduction stage 10-15mo
Holophrastic speech 12-15mo. Using one word to express an entire idea. Example: Saying “juice” for “I want juice”, “I finished my juice”, or “I spilled my juice.”
Telegraphic speech 18-24 mo. Using two words to express an entire thought. “Want juice.”
Critical period for acquisition of syntax in a first language.
First year of life.
Name and describe three types of language errors
Overextension Using a word to broadly, like using the word dog to refer to all furry four-legged animals.
underextension using a word to narrowly. Like using the word dog to only refer to the family pet.
overregularization when a child miss applies rules for plurals and past tense. For instance, “foots” instead of “feet” or “telled” instead of “told.”
What is paralanguage?
It refers to how something is said rather than what is said, which can modify the meaning of what was said or to express emotion.
Also includes non-words like “huh” and “umm”
Language brokering
The act of translating and interpreting within immigrant families by children and adolescence for their parents, other family members, and other adults.
Three stages of Kohlberg’s gender-role development
Gender identity
gender stability
gender constancy
Name Damon’s three stages of friendship and the age span of each stage.
- Handy playmates (4 to 7 years)
- Mutual trust and assistance (8-10 years)
- Intimacy and loyalty (11+ years)
Canalization
The extent to which genotype restricts phenotype to limited number of developmental outcomes regardless of environmental circumstances.
In other words, the restriction of phenotype by genotype.
What does the vocabulary spurt happen for both babies and what does it include?
At 18 months babies use about 50 words and thereafter acquire additional words very quickly.
What are the three dimensions of temperament identified by Rothbart?
Surgency/extraversion
Negative affectivity
Effortful control
Is caused by a chromosomal deletion.
Prader-Willi syndrome characterized by intellectual disability, short stature, small hands and feet, and obesity.
What is the outcome if the FMR1 gene is mutated on the X chromosome?
Produces Fragile X Syndrome, which affects twice as many males as it does females. It often looks like autism (sensory problems) however it includes learning disabilities or speech delay and typically includes elongated facial features, of which autism does not.
Crick and Dodge’s social information processing model attributes high levels of aggression in children to what?
Hostile attribution bias
Infants with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) is most likely to develop what?
Sensorineural hearing loss
What is the purpose of knowing the heritability estimate for a particular trait in a population?
To be able to understand if the trait in that particular population is due to genetic or environmental factors.
Reflexes that are measured soon after infants are born
Moro reflex a.k.a. “startle reflex” – when babies startle I loud noise or movements and in response through their head backs extend their arms and legs, and then curl their arms and legs inward.
Babinski reflex a.k.a. “Plantar reflex”- when the soul of the babies foot is firmly touched and in response to the babies, big toe moves Backward toward the top of the foot and the other.
Rooting reflex occurs in response to having the corner of the mouth touched babies turn their heads in the direction of the touch.
Deferred imitation
It’s in Piaget‘s cognitive development. Follows the last stage of sensorimotor which is about 18 to 24 months. It’s the ability to imitate a complex action after a period time when the model is no longer present. Doesn’t occur until the infant can form enduring representations.
What is the typical age that children pass the mirror self image test and what are the ages of children with down syndrome?
Normal children pass at 18 to 24 months of age. Down syndrome kids at 36 to 48 months.
When during pregnancy is can teratogen exposure cause the most severe defects?
During the embryonic period which is from weeks 3 to 8 weeks.
According to Park, perfect storm model describe the factors that contribute to adolescence sleep deprivation.
Screen time
School start time
Bedtime autonomy
Time in development when baby’s start to recognize fearful faces
7 months. Prior to that they only recognize happy faces.
What is the “perfect storm” in regards to adolescent sleep deprivation?
The combination of biological, societal, and psychosocial factors:
Biological-delayed sleep onset during is a result of changes in secretion of melatonin.
Societal factors: early starting times for school
Psychosocial factors – autonomy, overtimes, increase academic pressure, and excessive screen time in the evening.
Early start time and excessive screen time are the two primary factors in adolescent sleep deprivation.
