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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Statistical Infrequency definition of Abnormality?

A

Those that are 2 standard deviations away from the norm are abnormal

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2
Q

Positives for the statistical infrequency explanation

A

Objectivity means impartial and fair assessment
Useful Practical Applications e.g diagnosis

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3
Q

Negatives for Statistical Infrequency Explanation

A

Not all abnormalities are infrequent and rare
Abnormality is not black and white e.g iq of 71 normal but 69 not

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4
Q

Define deviation from social norms

A

Behaviour viewed by society as undesirable and anti-social

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5
Q

Positives for deviation from social norms explanation

A

Takes into account situational and developmental norms
As society sets standards, it can intervene when standards are not met.

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6
Q

Negatives for deviation from social norms explanation

A

Issues around setting of social norms (Who/When/Culture)
Subjectivity limits usefulness

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7
Q

Define deviation from ideal mental health

A

Absence of Jahoda’s 6 key characteristics:
Positive Attitude to oneself
Accurate Perception of Reality
Autonomy
Resisting Stress
Self Actualisation
Environmental Mastery

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8
Q

Positives for deviation from ideal mental health explanation

A

Refreshingly Positive
Measurable and allows individuals to be clear on improvements they need to make

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9
Q

Negatives for deviation from social norms

A

Many of 6 points are not important in all cultures
Unrealistic, looking for perfection
Criteria vague and difficult to measure

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10
Q

Define Failure to Function Adequately

A

Meeting criteria prevents them from leading everyday life

Personal Distress
Maladaptive Behaviour
Unpredictability
Irrationality
Observer Discomfort
Violation of Moral Qualities
Unconventionality

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11
Q

Positives for Failure to function adequately explanation

A

Easy to assess consequences of meeting criteria
Strong practical applications in diagnosis

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12
Q

Negatives for Failure to function adequately explanation

A

Deciding if someone meets criteria is subjective
Culturally relative
Abnormality does not always prevent function

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13
Q

What are emotional characteristics of phobias?

A

Persistent, Unreasonable fear
High levels of anxiety when anticipating object/task
Fear when presented with object/task

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14
Q

Behavioural Characteristics of phobias

A

Panic Attacks/Crying/Screaming/Freezing
Avoiding feared stimulus
Disrupted everyday function

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15
Q

Cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Conscious Awareness of Exaggerated anxiety
Paying selective attention to feared stimulus
Irrational Beliefs
Cognitive Distortions

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16
Q

Emotional Characteristics of Depression

A

Lowered Mood
Anger
Low self esteem

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17
Q

Behavioural characteristics of Depression

A

Reduced Energy/Lethargy
Insomnia/Hypersomnia
Aggression towards others/ Self Harm

18
Q

Cognitive Characteristics of Depression

A

Poor Concentration
Cognitive Biases
Black and White thinking

19
Q

Emotional Characteristics of OCD

A

Anxiety and distress may accompany both obsessions and compulsions
Low mood and/or depression
Guilt and disgust

20
Q

Behavioural Characteristics of OCD

A

Compulsions/ repetitive behaviours
Avoidance of situations that trigger anxiety

21
Q

Cognitive Characteristics of OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts
Cognitive Coping Strategies
insight into excessive anxiety

22
Q

What are the three stages of Ellis’ ABC Model to explaining Depression

A

A - Activation
B - Beliefs (About A)
C - Consequences (Of B)

23
Q

Define Utopianism

A

Irrational Belief that life is always supposed to be fair

24
Q

Define Musterbationary Thinking

A

Belief that individuals MUST absolutely meet perfectionist goals in order to achieve success, approval or comfort

25
Q

Positives for the cognitive explanation for depression

A

Practical Applications e.g CBT
Evidence to support e.g Temple Wisconsin study of negative thinking
Cognitive explanation takes into account other contributors such as Genes and environment

26
Q

Negatives for cognitive explanation to depression

A

Explains state of mind but not how they got there
Some scientists believe faulty information processing is an effect of depression as opposed to a cause

27
Q

What is Cognitive Behaviour Therapy?

A

CBT works to try and challenge irrational thinking and ultimately improve the behaviour of depressed patients

28
Q

What are the 4 aims of CBT?

A

Identifying negative thinking patterns in depressed patients (self-reports)
Challenging irrational thoughts of depressed patients
Skill Acquisition and Application (e.g coping mechanisms and ways of approaching things)
Follow Up (Tracks progress Using same self reports)

29
Q

Positives for CBT

A

Evidence to support (e.g march et al finding CBT & Antidepressants most effective)
CBT tackles route of problems unlike biological approach

30
Q

Negatives for CBT

A

Can cause belief that causes for depression are purely cognitive because CBT has worked
Some belief that improvements are due to therapist-patient relationship not due to CBT
Individual differences (e.g motivation) will create difference in effectiveness

31
Q

What are the two aspects of the biological explanation to OCD?

A

Genetic explanation
Neural Explanation

32
Q

Strengths for the genetic explanation to OCD

A

Genetics can be studied objectively so promotes psychology as scientific science
Evidence to support (Nestodt review of twins finding higher rate of OCDin genetically identical)

33
Q

Weaknesses for genetic explanation to OCD

A

Research demonstrates genetics cannot be only factor in causing OCD as not 100% accordance in genetically identical twins
Can be considered biologically reductionist

34
Q

What is the role of Low serotonin in OCD

A

Low levels associated with Depression and other mood disorders such as OCD

35
Q

Strengths for neural explanation of OCD

A

Research to support (Ursu and Carter 2009 found hyperactivity in arbitofrontal cortex)
Practical Applications e.g giving serotonin to reduce symptoms
Method is scientific and objective

36
Q

What are the two ways remaining neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap?

A

Reuptake of remaining neurotransmitter into presynaptic neuron
Breakdown of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft by an enzyme

37
Q

What does SSRI stand for?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

38
Q

How do SSRI’s work?

A

Reduces rate of reabsorption of serotonin making more available in synaptic space, helping reduce OCD symptoms

39
Q

Strengths for Drug Therapy to treat OCD

A

Evidence for effectiveness (OCD symptoms decline for 70% of patients)
Relatively cost effective to produce

40
Q

Weaknesses for drug therapy to treat OCD?

A

Unwanted Side Effects (Not fully protecting patients from harm)
Not a permanent solution

Psychology (6 decks)

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