Memory Flashcards
Name the 3 stores of the multi store model
Sensory
Short Term
Long Term
What 3 components does the sensory store break down into?
Iconic (Sight)
Echoic (Sound)
Haptic (Touch)
What is the duration of the Sensory Store?
0.5s
How is the Sensory Store encoded?
Info is processed from the senses
What is the capacity of the sensory store?
Unlimited
How is information transferred from the sensory store to the short term store?
By paying attention to it
What is the duration of the short term store?
18-30s
What is the encoding of the Short Term Store?
Maintenance Rehearsal
What is the capacity of the Short Term Store?
5-9 pieces of information
How is information transferred from the Short Term store to the Long Term Store?
Through elaborative rehearsal
How is information transferred from the Long Term Store to the Short Term Store?
Through retrieval
How is the Long term store encoded?
Semantically
(Remembered by meaning)
What is the capacity of the Long Term Store?
Unlimited
What part of the brain contains long term information?
Hippocampus
How can the multi Store Model be described?
Sequential and Linear
What study flashed images of letter O twice and found at 0.5 seconds, participants reported that they only saw one flash.
Walsh and Thompson
Outline the Findings of Walsh and Thompson (1978)
Duration of sensory store =0.5s
Decreases with age
What study investigated the capacity of the sensory store?
Sperling (1960)
Participants describing seeing more letters from a grid of 12 than they could report describes which study? How does this support Multi Store Model?
Sperling (1960)
Sensory store took in all the information however only some of it was paid attention to and transferred into short term memory.
What experiment found a 80% recall of nonsense trigrams after a 3 second interference task and 10% after 18 Seconds? What does this suggest?
Peterson & Peterson (1970)
That duration of STM is limited and that longer delay led to less recall as there was no chance for maintenance rehearsal.
Which experiment found that on immediate recall, words that sounded similar were the hardest? What does this suggest?
Baddeley (1966)
STm is learnt acoustically, hence trouble on words sounding similar.
Which experiment (1887) found that the in immediate recall, 9.3 numbers could be recalled in order, letters 7.3? What does this suggest?
Jacobs (1887)
Capacity of STM = (2-)7(+2)
Which experiment found that Ex US high schoolers could identify former classmates from 50 photos. 90% after 14 years and 60% after 47 Years? What does this suggest?
Bahrick et al (1975)
LTM can last a lifetime
LTM accuracy decreases with age
Which experiment found after a delay of 20 minutes, words with similar meanings were hardest to remember. What does this suggest?
Baddeley (1966)
LTM is semantically encoded, relies on meaning to understand.
Name 3 strength of the multi store model.
Lab research to support
Naturalistic Research to support
Practical application
Name an example of naturalistic supporting research of MSM
HM
Temporal lobes removed, leaving him with intact STM however no LTM. Suggests separate parts of brain control different parts of memory.
Name 2 Weaknesses of the Multi Store Model
Alternative theories that explain features more effectively.
Case study research that disputes validity of the theory (KF)
What does the Central Executive do?
Supervises and controls the sub components/Slave systems
Name the components of the multi store model.
Central Executive
Phonological Loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Episodic Buffer
Who created working memory model?
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
What research supports central executive and what practical application does it have?
Bunge (2000), used MRI scans to show which areas of brain active in tasks. Same areas for single and dual task.
Dyslexic,ADHD have trouble processing information
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Deals with and holds visual and spatial information
What study supports Visuo-spatial sketchpad?
Brookes 1968 (Letter K Study)
When answering by pointing, slower due to same component/ interference
Which study contradicts Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?
Liebermen (1980)
Argues blind people have excellent spatial awareness despite having never recieved visual information
How does the phonological loop work?
Holds auditory information and is rehearsed through the articulatory process
What study supports the phonological loop?
Baddeley (1975)
Pts could recall more short words than long words which shows capacity is set by how long it takes to say words, not number of words
What is the purpose of the episodic buffer?
To fill gap in model and acts as general storage
Brings memories together into single episodes
What supports the theory of the episodic buffer?
Brain scans, appears to be in both hemispheres but particularly in hippocampus,showing memories are being transformed into ‘episodes’
What is a weakness of the episodic buffer?
Little information and not understood fully
Give 3 strengths of the working memory model
Naturalistic research to support (KF)
Lab research to support
Practical Applications
Give 3 weaknesses to the working memory model
Contradictory evidence (Lieberman 1980)
Theoretical flaws (Oversimplified)
Lacks ecological validity
Give similarities between MSM and Working model of memory
Rehearsal is important to process info
STM has limited capacity
Link between STM and LTM
Give differences between MSM and Working model of memory
MSM believes STM is simple storage buffer whereas WMM believes STM is storage and workspace
MSM suggests STM is unitary whereas WMM suggests STM is more than one store
Give three types of LTM
Procedural
Semantic
Episodic
What is Semantic Memory?
Responsible for factual information
e.g london is the capital of England
What is procedural memory?
Responsible for motor skills
e.g swimming
What is episodic memory?
Responsible for remembering events
e.g 18th Birthday
How are Procedural and Semantic Memory similar and different?
Procedural in cerebellum whereas semantic in Hippocampus
Procedural does not involve conscious thought, Semantic does
Both types of Long Term Memory
How are Procedural Memory and Episodic Memory Similar and Different?
Procedural = unconscious whereas episodic = conscious
Knowing how vs knowing that
Have to Learn Both
How are episodic and Semantic Memory Similar and Different?
Both involve conscious thought
Semanic = factual whereas episodic = experiences
What is retroactive retrieval failure? Give examples
New memories interfering with old memories
Using older version of phone
Playing guitar again after learning piano
Unable to remember old password after changing to new one
What is proactive retrieval failure? Give examples
Using a new phone
Remembering a friends new number after learning old
Changing routes when driving
Give research supporting Pro/retro active interference
Baddeley & Hitch (1977)
Rugby players who played more games had more problems remembering games than those who missed due to injury
Give Strengths of Retro/Proactive Interference
Ecological Validity
Practical Applications
Research to support (Baddeley&Hitch rugby union)
Give weaknesses of retro/proactive Interference
Most experiments take place in lab
e.g keppel & underwood (trigrams)
Reductionist
Retrieval Failure due to absence of cues refers to three types of cues, which are…
Context
State
Organisational Cues
Gives strengths of retrieval failure due to absence of cues
Real Life application (Tip of Tongue experience)
Practical Application (CCTV,Reconstruction of Crime Scenes)
Research to support (Godden & Baddeley, Scuba Divers)
Give three factors that affect EWT
Leading Questions
Post Event Discussion
Anxiety
Give strengths of leading question theory
Practical Applications ( Development of enhanced cognitive interview)
High Internal Validity
Give Weaknesses of leading question theory
Research lacks population validity
Lacks ecological Validity
Give strengths of the post event discussion theory
Research to support (Gabbert 2003, 2 vids of girl (not) stealing)
Practical Applications(Police now separate witnesses)
Give Weaknesses of the post Event Discussion theory
Low External Validity of studies
Ignores other variables affecting EWT
What shows anxiety and memory are directly related?
Yerkes Dodson Law
Give Strengths of Anxiety affecting EWT theory
High internal Validity (Lab studies such as Loftus and Burns)
High reliability of research
Give Weaknesses of anxiety on EWT theory
FIndings are inconsistent (Christianson and Hubinette, Bank robberies, more stress= more memory)
Low in external Validity
What are the 4 stages of the cognitive interview?
Mental Reinstatement of context
Report Everything
Change Order
Change Perspective
Give Strengths of the cognitive interview.
Research to support (Kohnken 1999, CI gives 81% increase in recall)
Milne and bull (2002) found RE +CR combination led to far more recall
Give Weaknesses of the Cognitive Interview
Police do not have sufficient training (only 4 Hours received)
Takes lots of time + can still lead to incorrect info (Kebbel & Wagstaff,1999)
Milne and Bull (2002) found only 2 stages needed
Kohnken found accuracy rate same in CI and Standard
Name and explain a study supporting retrieval failure due to absence of cues
Godden and Baddeley
Scuba divers recalled words better when external environments were the same
Over 10% better
Deffenbacher 2004 found support for Yerkes Dodson Law
anxiety increases to a certain. Point and then eyewitness identification and recall of crime related events drops significantly
Johnson and Scott supporting the weapon focus effect
49% recall when overhearing a low key discussion and seeing someone walk out with pen covered in grease
33% recall when overhearing a heated argument and seeing letter opener covered in blood
Loftus and Burns supporting High Anxiety affecting EWT
Group who saw violent video of bank robbery recalled significantly less than group who saw non violent crime
Yuille and Cutshaw natural study on witnesses of shooting contradicting anxiety affecting
Found that there was no negative effects on memory from stress levels at the time of the event
Christianson&Hubinette contradicting anxiety and EWT
Victims of bank robbery had much better recall than bystanders
