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Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 3 stores of the multi store model

A

Sensory
Short Term
Long Term

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2
Q

What 3 components does the sensory store break down into?

A

Iconic (Sight)
Echoic (Sound)
Haptic (Touch)

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3
Q

What is the duration of the Sensory Store?

A

0.5s

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4
Q

How is the Sensory Store encoded?

A

Info is processed from the senses

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5
Q

What is the capacity of the sensory store?

A

Unlimited

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6
Q

How is information transferred from the sensory store to the short term store?

A

By paying attention to it

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7
Q

What is the duration of the short term store?

A

18-30s

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8
Q

What is the encoding of the Short Term Store?

A

Maintenance Rehearsal

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9
Q

What is the capacity of the Short Term Store?

A

5-9 pieces of information

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10
Q

How is information transferred from the Short Term store to the Long Term Store?

A

Through elaborative rehearsal

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11
Q

How is information transferred from the Long Term Store to the Short Term Store?

A

Through retrieval

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12
Q

How is the Long term store encoded?

A

Semantically
(Remembered by meaning)

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13
Q

What is the capacity of the Long Term Store?

A

Unlimited

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14
Q

What part of the brain contains long term information?

A

Hippocampus

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15
Q

How can the multi Store Model be described?

A

Sequential and Linear

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16
Q

What study flashed images of letter O twice and found at 0.5 seconds, participants reported that they only saw one flash.

A

Walsh and Thompson

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17
Q

Outline the Findings of Walsh and Thompson (1978)

A

Duration of sensory store =0.5s
Decreases with age

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18
Q

What study investigated the capacity of the sensory store?

A

Sperling (1960)

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19
Q

Participants describing seeing more letters from a grid of 12 than they could report describes which study? How does this support Multi Store Model?

A

Sperling (1960)
Sensory store took in all the information however only some of it was paid attention to and transferred into short term memory.

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20
Q

What experiment found a 80% recall of nonsense trigrams after a 3 second interference task and 10% after 18 Seconds? What does this suggest?

A

Peterson & Peterson (1970)
That duration of STM is limited and that longer delay led to less recall as there was no chance for maintenance rehearsal.

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21
Q

Which experiment found that on immediate recall, words that sounded similar were the hardest? What does this suggest?

A

Baddeley (1966)
STm is learnt acoustically, hence trouble on words sounding similar.

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22
Q

Which experiment (1887) found that the in immediate recall, 9.3 numbers could be recalled in order, letters 7.3? What does this suggest?

A

Jacobs (1887)
Capacity of STM = (2-)7(+2)

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23
Q

Which experiment found that Ex US high schoolers could identify former classmates from 50 photos. 90% after 14 years and 60% after 47 Years? What does this suggest?

A

Bahrick et al (1975)
LTM can last a lifetime
LTM accuracy decreases with age

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24
Q

Which experiment found after a delay of 20 minutes, words with similar meanings were hardest to remember. What does this suggest?

A

Baddeley (1966)
LTM is semantically encoded, relies on meaning to understand.

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25
Q

Name 3 strength of the multi store model.

A

Lab research to support
Naturalistic Research to support
Practical application

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26
Q

Name an example of naturalistic supporting research of MSM

A

HM
Temporal lobes removed, leaving him with intact STM however no LTM. Suggests separate parts of brain control different parts of memory.

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27
Q

Name 2 Weaknesses of the Multi Store Model

A

Alternative theories that explain features more effectively.
Case study research that disputes validity of the theory (KF)

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28
Q

What does the Central Executive do?

A

Supervises and controls the sub components/Slave systems

29
Q

Name the components of the multi store model.

A

Central Executive
Phonological Loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Episodic Buffer

30
Q

Who created working memory model?

A

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

31
Q

What research supports central executive and what practical application does it have?

A

Bunge (2000), used MRI scans to show which areas of brain active in tasks. Same areas for single and dual task.
Dyslexic,ADHD have trouble processing information

32
Q

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Deals with and holds visual and spatial information

33
Q

What study supports Visuo-spatial sketchpad?

A

Brookes 1968 (Letter K Study)
When answering by pointing, slower due to same component/ interference

34
Q

Which study contradicts Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?

A

Liebermen (1980)
Argues blind people have excellent spatial awareness despite having never recieved visual information

35
Q

How does the phonological loop work?

A

Holds auditory information and is rehearsed through the articulatory process

36
Q

What study supports the phonological loop?

A

Baddeley (1975)
Pts could recall more short words than long words which shows capacity is set by how long it takes to say words, not number of words

37
Q

What is the purpose of the episodic buffer?

A

To fill gap in model and acts as general storage
Brings memories together into single episodes

38
Q

What supports the theory of the episodic buffer?

A

Brain scans, appears to be in both hemispheres but particularly in hippocampus,showing memories are being transformed into ‘episodes’

39
Q

What is a weakness of the episodic buffer?

A

Little information and not understood fully

40
Q

Give 3 strengths of the working memory model

A

Naturalistic research to support (KF)
Lab research to support
Practical Applications

41
Q

Give 3 weaknesses to the working memory model

A

Contradictory evidence (Lieberman 1980)
Theoretical flaws (Oversimplified)
Lacks ecological validity

42
Q

Give similarities between MSM and Working model of memory

A

Rehearsal is important to process info
STM has limited capacity
Link between STM and LTM

43
Q

Give differences between MSM and Working model of memory

A

MSM believes STM is simple storage buffer whereas WMM believes STM is storage and workspace
MSM suggests STM is unitary whereas WMM suggests STM is more than one store

44
Q

Give three types of LTM

A

Procedural
Semantic
Episodic

45
Q

What is Semantic Memory?

A

Responsible for factual information
e.g london is the capital of England

46
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Responsible for motor skills
e.g swimming

47
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Responsible for remembering events
e.g 18th Birthday

48
Q

How are Procedural and Semantic Memory similar and different?

A

Procedural in cerebellum whereas semantic in Hippocampus
Procedural does not involve conscious thought, Semantic does
Both types of Long Term Memory

49
Q

How are Procedural Memory and Episodic Memory Similar and Different?

A

Procedural = unconscious whereas episodic = conscious
Knowing how vs knowing that
Have to Learn Both

50
Q

How are episodic and Semantic Memory Similar and Different?

A

Both involve conscious thought
Semanic = factual whereas episodic = experiences

51
Q

What is retroactive retrieval failure? Give examples

A

New memories interfering with old memories

Using older version of phone
Playing guitar again after learning piano
Unable to remember old password after changing to new one

52
Q

What is proactive retrieval failure? Give examples

A

Using a new phone
Remembering a friends new number after learning old
Changing routes when driving

53
Q

Give research supporting Pro/retro active interference

A

Baddeley & Hitch (1977)
Rugby players who played more games had more problems remembering games than those who missed due to injury

54
Q

Give Strengths of Retro/Proactive Interference

A

Ecological Validity
Practical Applications
Research to support (Baddeley&Hitch rugby union)

55
Q

Give weaknesses of retro/proactive Interference

A

Most experiments take place in lab
e.g keppel & underwood (trigrams)
Reductionist

56
Q

Retrieval Failure due to absence of cues refers to three types of cues, which are…

A

Context
State
Organisational Cues

57
Q

Gives strengths of retrieval failure due to absence of cues

A

Real Life application (Tip of Tongue experience)
Practical Application (CCTV,Reconstruction of Crime Scenes)
Research to support (Godden & Baddeley, Scuba Divers)

58
Q

Give three factors that affect EWT

A

Leading Questions
Post Event Discussion
Anxiety

59
Q

Give strengths of leading question theory

A

Practical Applications ( Development of enhanced cognitive interview)
High Internal Validity

60
Q

Give Weaknesses of leading question theory

A

Research lacks population validity
Lacks ecological Validity

61
Q

Give strengths of the post event discussion theory

A

Research to support (Gabbert 2003, 2 vids of girl (not) stealing)
Practical Applications(Police now separate witnesses)

62
Q

Give Weaknesses of the post Event Discussion theory

A

Low External Validity of studies
Ignores other variables affecting EWT

63
Q

What shows anxiety and memory are directly related?

A

Yerkes Dodson Law

64
Q

Give Strengths of Anxiety affecting EWT theory

A

High internal Validity (Lab studies such as Loftus and Burns)
High reliability of research

65
Q

Give Weaknesses of anxiety on EWT theory

A

FIndings are inconsistent (Christianson and Hubinette, Bank robberies, more stress= more memory)
Low in external Validity

66
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cognitive interview?

A

Mental Reinstatement of context
Report Everything
Change Order
Change Perspective

67
Q

Give Strengths of the cognitive interview.

A

Research to support (Kohnken 1999, CI gives 81% increase in recall)
Milne and bull (2002) found RE +CR combination led to far more recall

68
Q

Give Weaknesses of the Cognitive Interview

A

Police do not have sufficient training (only 4 Hours received)
Takes lots of time + can still lead to incorrect info (Kebbel & Wagstaff,1999)
Milne and Bull (2002) found only 2 stages needed
Kohnken found accuracy rate same in CI and Standard

69
Q

Name and explain a study supporting retrieval failure due to absence of cues

A

Godden and Baddeley
Scuba divers recalled words better when external environments were the same
Over 10% better

Psychology (6 decks)

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