Addiction Flashcards
Link between stress and addiction in rats. Stressor was pinching rats tail which caused rats to seek amphetamines more often
Piazza 1989
Alcohol dependence occurs twice as much in those with social phobias than those without. Stress contributes to addiction
Schneider et al
Students who found university stressful may develop addictive disorders. students with high stress related with smoking regularly
Tavdacci
Addiction may cause stress
Cause and Effect issues
Cause and Effect Issues (Peer Influence)
Research is only correlational, addiction my cause is to join friendship group to facilitate drug use
Doctors can measure stress levels and provide methods to deal with stress
Practical Applications of Stress theory
… conducted a Survey of large sample of high school students between 12-18. 24% diagnosed with internet addiction, and has higher scores in neuroticism and psychotism than comparison groups. Showing … is a risk factor for addiction. However research is only correlational.
Coa and Su Shows support for personality as a risk factor for addiction
… found that Peer use of drugs was best predictor of drug use by others. Behaviour was socially Acceptable within the group. Provides support for peer influence explanation of addiction
Sussman and Ames (2001) - support for peer influence
Reviewed research and found that personality disorders estimated in 44% alcoholics, 70% cocaine addicts and 79% opiate addicts. Shows personality to be a risk factor for addiction
Verheal (1995) - Personality
Cause and Effect issues with
Personality research because it’s largely correlational. Being addicted to drugs could change a personality.
Teeson (2002)
Cannot be assumed that peer influence is the same for all - ages make largest impact. Younger adolescents more susceptible than others
Individual Differences in Peer Influence
… research into Concordance rates in twins raised apart. 33 concordance for addictions for smoking showing genetics does influence
Also, was found MZ twins had higher concordance rate than DZ twins for alcohol addiction
Shields et al
Kendler et al
Shows evidence to support genetic explanation for addiction
Genetic predisposition for addictive behaviour which traumatic events could cause
Diathesis Stress Model for Addiction
Found genetic explanation for addiction to be Biologically Determinist
A1DRD2 not in all addicts and common in general population, therefore we must have some choice in behaviours. Showing a weakness with the…
Blum et al - weakness for genetic explantion
A1DRD2 gene
Reduces number of dopamine receptors in pleasure centers meaning individuals seek out dopamine. Showing genetics to influence Addiction
Comings et al
… conducted Longitudinal research examining factors that may predict youngsters smoking behaviour. If parents smoke, kids more likely to smoke.
… also found that if parents anti smoking, kids 7x less likely to smoke
showing support for…
Goddard
Murray
Showing support for Family influence explanation for addiction
Twins raised apart still had increased concordance rates despite seperate rearing. So genetics still play a part in addiction
Shields et al
Highlighting role of family influences may help to reduce addictive behaviours
Practical Applications
… found Peer influence argued to be more important than parental influence in teen years. Friends primary source for socialisation at 12-14 meaning that they become role models. Shows support for…
Hinde (1975) , Peer influence explanation of addiction
Illustrating involvement of dopamine in nicotine addiction with epilepsy drug (GV Gabba). Reduces surge of dopamine in nucleus accumbens that occur after nicotine. This effectively reduces addictive properties of nicotine, without major side effects. Suggests dopamine does play a key role in nicotine addiction.
Research into Gamma - Vinyl GABA (GV Gabba)
… Argued offset of smoking addiction is significantly different between the sexes. E.g women typically start later than men. Therefore, showing….
Nerin and Jane (2007) - potential beta bias in the dopamine explanation for nicotine addiction
… conducted a review of 150 studies into effectiveness of NRT. Found users 70% more likely to be abstaining from smoking more than 6 months after quitting than other groups e.g placebo.
Also, … conducted a meta analysis of 44 studies of buproprion and found those taking drug had significantly higher chance of being successful after 6 months than control groups. This shows…
Stead et al (2012)
Hughes et al (2014)
Support for Drug Therapy as a way of treating addiction
Replacing nicotine is still dangerous and comes with health side effects.
Ignores underlying reasons why people smoke (e.g traumas)
Negative side effects
Problems with drug therapy to reduce addiction
… Compared aversion therapy with covert sensitisation to treat gambling addiction. Covert sensitisation had a 90% reduction in gambling activity compared to 30% with Aversion therapy. This shows…
Mcconaghy et al (1983)-
covert sensitisation may be more effective than aversion therapy in reducing gambling addiction
… Aversion therapy on treating alcoholism in 82 US alcoholic pps across 5 sessions in 10 day treatment plan. Given emetic and then alcohol to associate vomiting with alcohol. Following treatment, pts reports of positive alcohol related experiences decreased and their belief they could refrain from drinking had increased. Showing support for aversion therapy as a treatment for addiction
- Howard (2001) Supporting Aversion therapy
Ethical issues - e.g are patients fully protected from harm?
Does not deal with root cause of disease e.g parental influence, faulty gene etc
Problems with Aversion therapy.
… -
CBT given to 66 pathological gamblers. In those that completed the course, 86% no longer classified as pathological gamblers, better perception on gambling and increased self efficacy. These effects remained at 6 month and 1 year follow up
Ladoucer et al (2001) - Supporting CBT
… Found that CBT had large effect on gambling behaviour for up to 3 months but after 9-12 months, the effect was equal to those who did not recieve CBT. Suggests CBT only has short term impacts
… Also found that CBT has drop out rates 5 times higher than other forms of therapy. This shows problems with… as a treatment for addiction
Cowlishore (2012)
Cullipers et al (2008)
CBT
… found non smoking teens with older siblings that smoked and had a smoking best friend were more likely to start smoking within a year. Illustrating vicarious reinforcement within older role models and showing support for
Harakh et al - The learning approach to smoking addiction
… and other research showed cigarette packs to smokers and found that it could trigger addictive reactions and desires which allowed laws to be passed in 2012, meaning cigarettes had to be more hidden. This implies useful practical applications for
Calvert (2009) -The learning approach to nicotine addiction
… argued individual differences affect addiction. Many people try drugs or smoking but not all become addicted so must be other factors too. This contradicts the
Robinson and Berridge
Learning approach to nicotine addiction (OC)
… gave 30 gamblers and 30 non gamblers £3 to spend on fruit machines. Found gamblers believed they were skillful and making irrational statements such as ‘put a quid in to bluff the machine’. Also described losses as near wins. Showing support for …
Griffiths 1984
Supporting cognitive bias as an explanation for gambling addiction
… found strong evidence of genetic transmission of gambling in twin studies. MZ twins had higher concordance rates than DZ twins. This shows support for… explanation of gambling addictions
Shah (2005) - Genetic explanation
