psychopathology

Question 1

social norms

Answer 1

a rule held by group of people regarding behaviour of others

Question 2

what is deviation from social norms

Answer 2

behaviour that is unexpected/ unacceptable by group

Question 3

what is statistical deviation

Answer 3

stastical deviation is abnormal from the typical statistical average/ mean and is more infrequent

Question 4

statistical deviation strengths

Answer 4

identifies intellectual disability IQ

-forms clinical assessment for mental disorder

Question 5

statistical deviation weakness

Answer 5

-abnormal doesn’t mean disorder

Question 6

deviations from social norms weakness

Answer 6

• cultural relativism (different from country to country)

- unethical labelling abnormaal

Question 7

deviations from social norms strengths

Answer 7

-can be used in anti-social personality disorder

Question 8

failure to function adequately

Answer 8

can’t cope on day to day basis/ ordinary demands of life

Question 9

what is deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 9

• criteria that individual must meet in order to have good mental health

Question 10

failure to function adequately strengths

Answer 10

can identify when professional help needed
-treatment targeted
APPLICATION

Question 11

failure to function adequately weakness

Answer 11

labelling abnormal for different life choices eg gap year

-discrimination ETHICS

Question 12

deviation from ideal mental health strengths

Answer 12

-covers most reasoning behind why people seek help VALIDITY

Question 13

deviation from ideal mental health weakness

Answer 13

-culture bound

self actualisation may have different interpretations

Question 14

DSM

Answer 14

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder

Question 15

what’s a specific phobia

Answer 15

phobia of object or situation

Question 16

social anxiety NON SPECIFIC

Answer 16

phobia of social situations

Question 17

agoraphobia NON SPECIFIC

Answer 17

fear of outside/ public space and worry no help if something goes wrong

Question 18

behavioural characteristics of phobias

Answer 18

• anxiety
• panic
• avoidance

Question 19

emotional characteristics of phobias

Answer 19

• unreasonable emotional response

- attention to stimulus

Question 20

cognitive characteristics of phobias

Answer 20

• irrational beliefs

- cognitive distortions

Question 21

maintenance of phobia

Answer 21

operant conditioning

Question 22

how phobia is learnt

Answer 22

classical conditioning

Question 23

little Albert study

Answer 23

• shown rat- no fear neutral stimulus
• iron bar struck when reached for rat (unconditioned stimulus- caused fear (unconditioned response)
• association made between 2 leading to fear
• conditioned stimulus (rat) -conditioned response (fear)

Question 24

strengths of behavioural explanation to phobias

Answer 24

-SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
-little Albert showed learning phobia through classical conditioning
increased reliability consistency shown

REAL LIFE APPLICATION
-can be used for guiding phobia therapy

Question 25

weaknesses of behavioural explanation to phobias

Answer 25

- LACK VALIDITY - incomplete, doesn't look into cognitive aspects of phobia eg. irrational beliefs - some phobias may be evolutionary caused - avoid things that caused danger in past

Question 26

what is systematic desensitisation

Answer 26

gradual process carried out over several sessions | -uses classical conditioning to counter-condition the learnt phobia

Question 27

what are the 3 steps in systematic desensitisation

Answer 27

anxiety hierarchy relaxation exposure

Question 28

what is flooding

Answer 28

intense process where clients are exposed to fear until can relax -treats phobia very fast

Question 29

systematic desensitisation advantages

Answer 29

- suit a range of people eg. disabilities that wouldn't be able to understand cognitive theory or consent to flooding(generalisability) - less traumatic for patient which leads to less drop outs (ethical)

Question 30

flooding strengths

Answer 30

cost effective as is faster results (ethical) | effective for simple phobias (application)_

Question 31

flooding weaknesses

Answer 31

traumatic so clients may drop out (ethics) | not effective for complex phobias eg. social phobias(application)

Question 32

what does DSM stand for

Answer 32

diagnostic and statistical manual of disorders

Question 33

what is a behavioural feature

Answer 33

how people act/ behave

Question 34

what is a cognitive feature

Answer 34

how people think/ believe

Question 35

what is an emotional feature

Answer 35

how people feel/ their mood

Question 36

what is classical conditioning

Answer 36

-learning through association

Question 37

what is DSM used for

Answer 37

classifying symptoms for different mental disorders

Question 38

what is operant conditioning

Answer 38

learning through positive/ negative reinforcement

Question 39

what is the two way process model of phobias

Answer 39

learnt through classical and maintained through operant

Question 40

what is OCD

Answer 40

a disorder where people experience obsessions and compulsions

Question 41

what is an obsession

Answer 41

recurring intrusive thoughts

Question 42

what is a compulsion

Answer 42

behaviour a person feels they must carry out

Question 43

behavioural characteristics of OCD

Answer 43

``` compulsive behaviour eg. repetition reduced anxiety (after carry out behaviour) ```

Question 44

emotional characteristics of OCD

Answer 44

anxiety and distress depression guilt/ disgust (eg.over dirt)

Question 45

cognitive characterises of OCD

Answer 45

``` obsessive thoughts cognitive strategies(coping) insight into excessive anxiety ```

Question 46

what is the biological explanation of OCD(genetic)

Answer 46

-genetic vulnerability in families -candidate genes create vulnerability diathesis stress model suggests that people with genetic vulnerability can be triggered by an event/ stress

Question 47

what is the biological explanation of OCD(neural)

Answer 47

neurotransmitters(chemical messengers) dopamine levels are too high in people with OCD Serotonin is used to mood regulate too little serotonin can lead to low mood THE WORRY CIRCUIT in brain can cause OCD

Question 48

what is behavioural approach to treating phobias

Answer 48

- flooding | - systematic desensitisation

Question 49

what is behavioural explanation of phobias

Answer 49

- learnt through classical | - maintained through operant

Question 50

the worry circuit explained

Answer 50

- involves frontal cortex/ thalamus and basal ganglia

Question 51

biological explanation of OCD definition

Answer 51

a perspective that emphasises importance go physical processes in body eg. neural and genetic

Question 52

aetiologically heterogeneous

Answer 52

the origin of OCD has different causes

Question 53

polygenic OCD

Answer 53

several genes are involved (230)