Psychology Unit 3 AOS2

Question 1

define antecedent

Answer 1

the stimulus or event that elicts a particular behaviour

Question 2

define behaviour

Answer 2

the volunatary action that occurs in the presence of the antecdent

Question 3

define consequence

Answer 3

the outcome of the behaviour determining the liklihood of it occurring again

Question 4

define positive reinforcement

Answer 4

the addition of a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour again

Question 5

define negative reinforcement

Answer 5

the removal of undesirable stimulus to increase a behaviour

Question 6

define positive punishment

Answer 6

the addition of a undesirable stimulus to decrease a behaviour

Question 7

define negative punishment (response cost)

Answer 7

the removal of a desirable stimulus to decrease a behaviour

Question 8

what are 2 similarities of CC and OC

Answer 8

both are behaviourist approaches to learning, and both are three phase processes of learning.

Question 9

what are 2 differences of CC and OC

Answer 9

OC is voluntary and CC is involuntary, and OC has consequences whereas CC does not.

Question 10

define model

Answer 10

the individual who is being observed preforming the behaviour

Question 11

what are the 5 stages of OL

Answer 11

1. Attention - Focusing on the model
2. Retention - Visualing the behaviour with mental representation
3. Reproduction - Being able to physically/mentally preform the behaviour
4. Motivation - Wanting to preform
5. Reinforcement - The positive consequence outcome of the behaviour.

Question 12

define systems of knowledge

Answer 12

the skills/knowledge based on interconnected physical, spiritual and social understandings, contributing to strong sense of identity

Question 13

define country

Answer 13

traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group, including geographical boundaries and emotional, intellectual and spiritual connections to it.

Question 14

define multimodal

Answer 14

using a variety of methods

Question 15

define story sharing, provide example

Answer 15

learning through narratives and story sharing for example sharing the dreaming stories

Question 16

define symbols and images, provide example

Answer 16

learning through symbols, images and metaphors, for example art works

Question 17

what are the 4 types of learning

Answer 17

1. relationship between concepts
2. between learner and teacher
3. between families, communities, and individuals
4. between country

Question 18

define memory

Answer 18

the process of storing, encoding, and retrieving info that has been previously encountered

Question 19

define sensory memory

Answer 19

the store of memory which briefly stores raw info detected by senses

Question 20

define short term memory

Answer 20

a store of memory that temporarily stores limited amount of info being concisouly attended and actively manipulated

Question 21

define rehearsal

Answer 21

controlled process which involves concisouly repeating or manipulating info in short term memory

Question 22

define encoding

Answer 22

the process of converting info into useable form which can be manipulated and stored in brain

Question 23

define long term memory

Answer 23

the store of potentially unlimited amount of info stored for relatively permenant amount of time

Question 24

define storage

Answer 24

the retention of info over time

Question 25

define retrieval

Answer 25

the process of accessing info that has been stored in long term and bringing it into concious awareness in short term

Question 26

what are three types of rehearsal

Answer 26

1. chunking 2. matience rehearsal 3. elaborative rehearsal

Question 27

what are strengths of model

Answer 27

1. distinguishes between different stores 2. good understanding of the structure and process of memory

Question 28

what are limitations of model

Answer 28

1. oversimplified 2. ignores factors such as motivation and stratgey

Question 29

what are the types of long term memory

Answer 29

1. Explicit (Declaretive memory) 2. Implict

Question 30

what are the types of explicit memory

Answer 30

1. Semantic 2. Episodic

Question 31

what are the types of implict memory

Answer 31

1. Procedural 2. Classically conditioned

Question 32

what is the hippocampus and its role

Answer 32

brain structure involved in encoding explicit memories

Question 33

what is amygdala and its role

Answer 33

brain structure involved in encoding emotional component of memories (classically conditioned and explict memories)

Question 34

what is neocortex and its role

Answer 34

brain structure which stores explict memories and procedural memories

Question 35

what is basal ganglia and its role

Answer 35

group of brain structures involved in encoding and storing implict memories (habit formation, procedural sequences, reward pathways)

Question 36

what is cerebellum and its role

Answer 36

brain structure involved in encoding and storing implict memories (unconscious habits, reflexes, precise movements)

Question 37

define autobiographical events

Answer 37

personally lived experiences

Question 38

define possible imagined futures

Answer 38

hypothetical experiences and situations that an individual has the ability to create and conceptualize in their mind

Question 39

define neurodegenerative diseases

Answer 39

disease charatcerised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain

Question 40

define alzheimers disease

Answer 40

neurodegenerative disease involves progressive loss of neurons in brain causing memory loss/decline

Question 41

symptoms of Alzheimer's disease

Answer 41

- personality change - changes in mood and emotion - becoming confused and disorientated

Question 42

define lesion

Answer 42

area of tissue in brain that has been damaged

Question 43

define amyloid plaques

Answer 43

fragments of protein beta amyloid that turn into insoluble plaques which prevent communication between neurons

Question 44

define neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 44

accumlation of protein tau that forms insoluable tangles within neurons, preventing transportation of essential substances killing the neuron

Question 45

define aphantasia

Answer 45

the phenomeon in which individuals lack the capacity to generate mental imagery

Question 46

define mental imagery

Answer 46

visual repersentations and experiences of sensory info without the presence of sensory stimuli

Question 47

define mnemonics

Answer 47

devices or techniques used to aid the encoding, storage, and retrieval of info

Question 48

define written traditions

Answer 48

practices in which knowledge, stories, and customs are preserved through writing and reading

Question 49

define acronym

Answer 49

mnemonic device in which the first letter of items form pronounceable word to aid memory

Question 50

define acrostics

Answer 50

mnemonic device in which the first letter of items create a phrase, rhyme, or poem to aid memory

Question 51

define method of loci (memory palace)

Answer 51

mnemonic device converting mental images and associates them with specific locations to aid memory

Question 52

define oral traditions

Answer 52

practices in which knowledge, stories and customs are preserved and shared through spoken word and movement

Question 53

define sung narratives

Answer 53

stories that share important cultural, ecological, and survival info through the use of singing, harmony or rhythm